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Printing documents is a primary need to many of LibreOffice users. This article discusses how to do printings from LibreOffice Writer by an example of an A5 page document. We use a Canon MP160--our old but recommended multifunction printer--, on Ubuntu 24.04 "Noble Numbat" to practice this. We hope this helps everyone who uses Ubuntu for all of their computing life especially printings. Now let's start reading and go printing!

 

1. Connect the printer and open a document

 

First, turn the printer on and plug the printer cable to a USB port and then on LibreOffice, click File -> Open to open a document. Now, both your printer and your document are ready to print.

 

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2. Put papers in the printer tray

 

Second, make sure you have papers of the same size with the document you want to print. If the document is in A4 size, then prepare some A4 papers. If the document is in A5 size, then prepare some A5 papers (half A4). And so on. In this example, we show you how we print out an A5 sized paper.

 

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3. Show the Print dialog (Ctrl+P)

 

Third, on LibreOffice Writer, click Printer button or press Ctrl+P to show the Print dialog. 

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4. Adjust the printing to your needs (number of pages, colors)

 

Fourth, change the printing options according to your needs. Otherwise, skip to step number 5. Important to note: that printing from Writer will automatically set the paper size according to your page layout, so you don't need to re-configure it every time, and this is better than printing a PDF from Document Viewer.

 

a) Page number: for example, choose "Current page" then fill in 2-5 to print selectively only four pages from 2 to 5.

 

b) Colors: for example, default options (without changing) is printing with colors in RGB mode. 

 

c) Black and white: if you don't want to print in colors but only black and white, select Grayscale option.

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5. Print out

 

Fifth, click Print button. This will execute the actual printing command to the printer and printing mechanism will start. If everything is okay, you will get your papers printed as expected. Happy printing!

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6. Troubleshooting

 

a) What if the printing process suddenly stopped? Check if the printer is on and connected to your Ubuntu computer either via cable or wifi.

 

b) How to resume a paused printing? Run Printers from the Ubuntu menu then select a printing job and click Resume button.

 

c) What if the printer is not recognized by Ubuntu? Follow Set up a local printer from the official Ubuntu documentation.

 

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See Also

1. How To Install a Printer on Ubuntu by an example of Canon MP160

2. Printing on Ubuntu, our old tutorial from 2018

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This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Mozilla Thunderbird is the default email client application on Ubuntu. This powerful application has many features other than email management, and among them is, an RSS feed reader. That means an Ubuntu user can subscribe to any website and blog on the internet and the news will be ready to read every time he or she goes online. Isn't that amazing? Now we will explain it in a step-by-step manner as usual below based on our OS version 24.04 "Noble Numbat." Happy reading!

 

 

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News Sources

 

We picked up some news sources here as examples for us to practice:

1. Ubuntu News, a company's news website

2. Distrowatch, a news aggregator and reviews of many other news websites

3. unixbhaskar.wordpress.com, an example of personal blog

 

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Getting Started to RSS Feed URLs 

 

What is RSS? RSS stands for really simple syndication, that is, a technology that allows Internet-based web news delivered automatically from the news source to the subscribers indicated by a symbol of an orange square. Nowadays, every website have a RSS feed for people to subscribe to. 

 

 (The RSS logo. Image source: Wikipedia.)

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How To Subscribe to a News

 

1. Visit ubuntu.com website.

2. Find the RSS logo or link on the webpage. Here's some examples from the three sources above:

RSS logo on the bottom

RSS logo on the middle

RSS logo on the top

3. Right-click on the RSS logo or link -> Copy Link -> the link copied.

4. Run Thunderbird -> triple-line menu button -> New Account -> Feed. 

5. On the Feed Account Wizard: click Next -> Finish.

6. Click the new entry "Blogs and News Feeds" in the left panel -> Manage Subscription.

7. Paste link from step number 3. It will look like this "https://ubuntu.com/blog/feed".

8. Click Add. 

9. Subscription added. Done. 

10. Repeat steps number 1-9 for Distrowatch and the WordPress.com blog. 

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How To Read a News

 

 

(Left: Blog & News Feeds selected. Middle: list of news. Right: news being read.)

 

Above is an example of a latest news from the Ubuntu blog titled "Unmasking Resolute Raccoon" that is planned to be released April this year. To read a news:

1. Click Blogs & News Feed section on the left panel. 

2. Select a source you subscribed to. In this example, the "Ubuntu blog." 

3. Select a news in the middle. In this example, the "Unmasking Resolute Raccoon."

4. The news will be viewed in the right panel. Done. 

 

The default view mode is called Vertical View. 

 

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Switch to an Alternative View Mode

 

 

Above is an alternative view mode that puts the news content to the bottom instead of the right. This is called the Classic View. To enable it: click triple line button -> View -> Layout -> Classic. 

 

Above is another alternative view mode that is similar to Classic but wider for the reader are to the bottom. This is called the Wide View. To enable it: click triple line button -> View -> Layout -> Wide.

 

Above is the full view. To enable it: double-click a news or right-click -> Open in new tab. 

To revert back to the default view mode, select Vertical View instead under Layout menu.  

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See Also

 

1. List of RSS Feeds from the Free Software Community, GNU/Linux tech., and etc.

2. Commafeed, a web-based free software RSS reader.

3. Getting started to the user interface of Thunderbird on Ubuntu. 

 

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This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Mozilla Thunderbird is the preinstalled email client application on Ubuntu. Using this application, an Ubuntu user can read emails coming into his or her mail inbox. We will explain it in a step-by-step manner as usual based on our OS version 24.04 "Noble Numbat". Now let's learn and start the exercise!

 

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1. Configure Thunderbird 

If you have a Gmail account (or any email service other than Google), you should configure it first so Thunderbird can read your emails from the mail server. Please follow Thunderbird IMAP Setup Tutorial to do that.

 

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2. Get started to Thunderbird user interface.

Here's how a Thunderbird window will look like on Ubuntu 24.04 "Noble Numbat." 

(Green: the Header Bar part | Red: the main parts | Orange: statusbar)

It is divided into several parts: 

• top part aka "Header Bar" consists of a combination of (from right-to-left) three control buttons, three lines menu, a search bar, and a mode switcher button called "Mail". Note that this part is customizable on Thunderbird.

• middle part consists of three columns, with the left column shows your accounts, middle column shows full list of your emails, and right column shows the content of a selected email. Note that this part is also customizable on Thunderbird.

• bottom part consists of one horizontal panel called statusbar that will show a progress message following what Thunderbird is doing.

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3. Where is your mailbox? 

 

An inbox (also called mailbox) is a place where all your emails are stored under your email account. Where is your mailbox on Thunderbird? It is located right under your email address on the left sidebar. See for example our private email address below.

 

Once your Inbox is selected, the middle column will show the content of your inbox, that is, a full list of your emails sorted in an oldest-to-newest order by default. See picture below. 

 

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3. Read an email. 

Click a mail title on the inbox area. The mail content will show on the right column by default. This is the default way you read an email on Thunderbird and it is customizable. Picture below shows an email from our subscription to Kubuntu Focus newsletter--one of our favorite GNU/Linux computer brands nowadays--. 

 

An email consists of several parts:

• subject: the title of the mail.

• sender: the address of the person who sent the mail. *

• recipient: the address of the person who receive the mail. * 

• date: the time when the mail arrived in the mailbox.

• content: the full text content of the mail. Some mails also contains pictures. **

• attachment: one or more files sent along with the mail. 

 

*) May be hidden automatically to protect the users' privacy. 

**) May be hidden automatically to secure the users from malicious codes. 

3.1 Read an email in a new tab. 

Want to view an email in full-width? Double-click a mail title (a subject) and the mail will be viewed on a larger space and this will open a new tab beside the Inbox tab. To go back, click the Inbox tab again. 

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4. Download an email attachment. 

 

Many emails contain an attachment or two. What is it? It is a file that is attached to and send along with a mail. Mails which have attachments will show a paper clip symbol near its subject on Thunderbird (see below). Location of an attachment in a mail is at the bottom part of the content (see below).  

 

(1) Which emails have an attachment?

See paper clip symbols on the most left column. 

 

(2) Where is the attachment located on a mail? 

See the bottom part of the mail content. 

(This beautiful picture in PNG and XCF formats was sent by our sister Salsabila as an exercise in her computing course with us using GIMP)

 

(3) How to download an attachment? 

Click a file listed on the attachment panel -> Save dialog will show -> Save.

 

(4) How to open an attachment?

Click a file listed on the attachment panel -> Open. 

 

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5. Sort emails. 

 

Do you want to read emails easier and quicker? Sorting your mails can help you read them easier. We give you three examples below:

 

(1) Sort by date and the newest first.

Click the "Date" column header once or twice to sort your emails like this. 

 

(2) Sort by subject and alphabetically.

Click the "Subject" column header to sort your emails from A to Z (and click it twice for a reverse order).  

 

(3) Sort by attachment.  

Click the "Paper Clip" column header to sort your emails by categorizing them between having and not having attachments.

 

 Other ways of sorting can be enabled (or disabled) by selecting them on the "Select columns to display" button to the most right.  

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6. Search for an email in the inbox

 

Do you want to get an old mail in thousands of other mails? If you remember a key word of it, you can easily get it and read it again. To do so, first you should know there are two search boxes on Thunderbird:

 

 

 (Green: top search box | Yellow: quick filter box)

• top search box (green): type in here to search within all accounts (if there is more than one) on Thunderbird.

• quick filter box (yellow): type in here to search only within one account. This will not search in the other mail account, if any.

 

If you want to search, you can do it like the following examples: 

 

(1) Full search:

For example, we type the key board "computer" in the quick filter box and the following emails will show as the result. This is a full search, because all the four categories are enabled and it finds out whichever emails containing the word "computer" in the Sender, Recepients, Subject, and Body.

 

(2) Search by subject:

If we search for "computer" with only "Subject" category enabled, then only emails with the key word in the title will show like below:

 

 

(2) Search by sender:

If we want to find which emails whose the sender has the key word "computer", then we enable only "Sender" category and as a result, we found an email from an address containing "computer" in its name.

 

(3) Search by body:

If we want to find only the text content instead, we enable "Body" category and we found an example email containing the key word in one of its paragraph like example below. 

  

Other ways of searching are still plenty you can do a little exercise to find anything you need. 

 

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7. Save an email

 

Open an email -> locate the group of buttons of Reply, Forward, etc. -> click More -> Save As -> Save -> the email will be saved as a file with a .eml extension. You can also choose other format namely HTML and Plain Text. See picture below. 

 

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8. Print an email or save it as PDF

 

Open an email -> click More -> Print -> select a printer from under "Destination: " (for example here our Canon PIXMA MP160) -> Print -> done. This will print out the email to physical papers. This requires a printer device to be connected and configured beforehand. 

 

If you want to export it as PDF instead, do the same, but select Save to PDF under "Destination: " instead of a printer above, and Save. Done. You can read the exported PDF using Document Viewer. 

 

 

That concludes this tutorial we humbly presented to you, dear readers of The Ubuntu Buzz. We hope this will help you a lot in practicing Ubuntu and Free Software in your computing life and others. We wish you success! 

 

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See Also

 

1. How To Setup a Gmail (and Other Email) Accounts on Thunderbird

2. Complete Guide to Ubuntu Default Applications and Their Purposes 

3. How To Read PDFs on Ubuntu using the built-in Document Viewer  

4. Email Self-Defense from the Free Software Foundation    

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Acknowledgements 

 

• Thank you Mr. Rangga Ramadia--a knowledge seeker at our computer course in Indonesia--for being the inspiration for us to write this tutorial.

 

• Thank you our beloved sister Salsabila Dwi Armadani--a young knowledge seeker at ours too--for always diligently sending an email after exercising with GIMP and LibreOffice. 

 

We wish you all the best. Barakallahu feekum.  

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References

 

How To Configure Thunderbird for IMAP E-mail Accounts  

 

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This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

This tutorial will explain detailed procedures to install Debian 13 GNU/Linux "Trixie" with GNOME graphical user interface into a PC or a laptop. You will be able to have Debian alongside other operating system with dualboot method. You will also be able to have Debian installed into either an internal hard disk drive or an external disk storage if you wish. Now, let's start reading!

 

(A message on the newly installed system says:
"Let's Begin. Learn about the key features in Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie)")

Subscribe to UbuntuBuzz Telegram Channel to get article updates.

 

Requirements

• A 64-bit computer or laptop.
• An empty, GPT-formatted >= 8GB usb flash disk drive as a bootable medium.
• An empty, GPT-formatted >= 32GB usb flash disk drive as a hard disk replacement, or,
• An empty, GPT-formatted >= 32GB hard disk drive,
• A RAM capacity of >= 2GB.
• Patience, as the installation requires time, effort and electricity.

If you have no idea about this, we sincerely advise you to ask a person who has a good understanding and experiences in system installation to help you practicing this tutorial.

(Disk Utility showing a 32GB SanDisk CruzerBlade, GPT-formatted, located at /dev/sdb, with its full free space, which will be used as a hard disk drive replacement)

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Download Debian 13 Live GNOME

We've got you a collection of full download links of Debian 13 "Trixie" below. To practice this tutorial, among many choices, you should grab Debian Live GNOME Edition. Just click this red button and download it.

 

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Make a Debian Bootable

Use Disk Utility (Ubuntu) or Unetbootin (Windows and MacOS) program to write Debian image file into a USB flash drive as a bootable medium. This medium is required to install Debian into your computer. Click this button to learn about it. 

 

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Boot The Installer Up

1. Plug your Debian bootable USB in.

2. Turn the computer on.

3. Debian 13 will be displayed on screen like picture below. If not:
 

a.  Then, reboot and immediately enter BIOS.

b. Set the BIOS so the computer will boot first to USB.

c. Press F10 (Save) and reboot from the BIOS.

4. On the Debian 13 menu (as shown in the picture), select the Live system option. 

5. Debian 13 GNOME desktop live session will be ready.

Starting here, you will begin with the actual installation. 

 

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Step 1. Start the installer and select a language

 

Click the top-left corner of your screen and click Install Debian to the bottom. This will start the Debian GNU/Linux Installer like below. The first page should say "Welcome," and here select the language, American English, and then click Next.

Step 2. Select a timezone

 

On the Location page, select your Region and your City to determine your system's timezone. This will adjust your calendar, time, currency and numbering format following what your country is using. Then, click Next.

Step 3. Select a keyboard layout

 

On the third page, select English (US) or the default one. Then, click Next. 

Step 4. Select the manual partitioning

 

On the fourth page, you will see a list of disks of your computer. This list will show both internal and external disk drives including those USB flash drives. Following the standard in this tutorial, as an example, we will install Debian Trixie into one of our SanDisk CruzerBlade 32GB flash drives located at /dev/sdb. 

The rationale between this example is that if we are succeeded in installing Debian into a device as small as a flash drive, then you can do it too and even further, do it into any external disk drives.

You will create three (3) disk partitions namely EFI, swap, and root and then continue to the actual system installation. 

A. Create an EFI partition

First, you should create an EFI partition by following an example below. 

What is an EFI partition? It is a more or less 300MB-sized, FAT32-formatted, /boot/efi located partition in a disk drive required by the BIOS (now called UEFI) to boot the operating system. Without an EFI partition, your operating system will not boot up in a modern computer.

((1) Create from the free space: a new partition with (2) Size: 300MiB (3) File System: FAT32 (4) Mount point: /boot/efi (5) Flags: boot and finally click OK. An EFI partition will be created.)

B. Create a swap partition

Second, you should create a swap partition by following an example below.

What is a swap partition? It is a more or less 2000MB-sized, linuxswap-typed, swap-flagged partition needed by the GNU/Linux system. See annotated picture below.

 

 ((1) Create from the free space: a new partition with (2) Size: 2000MiB (3) File System: linuxswap (4) Flags: swap and finally click OK. A SWAP partition will be created.)

C. Create a root partition

Third, you should create a root partition by following an example below.

What is a root partition? It is the system partition where the whole Debian GNU/Linux system resides in a disk storage. It is called "root" because its path is the slash character ( / ) which is traditionally called "root" in the UNIX family. It is an EXT2-formatted, slash ( / ) pointed as the mount point, and sized as much as the free space left after making the two earlier partitions. 

((1) Create from the free space: a new partition with (2) Size: <let it be as much as any capacity left> (3) File System: EXT2 (4) Mount point: the slash character (5) Flags: root and finally click OK. A ROOT partition will be created.)

Click Next to proceed to Step 5.

Step 5. Create a pair of username and password

 

You must have an account on your own system that consists of a pair of username and password. Here, feel free to create your username and password you will use with the Debian system. 

 

Step 6. Evaluate the summary carefully

 

The system installer will show you a text summary of every configuration you have done so far. You must read this summary carefully and make sure everything is OK and nothing is wrong with it. Otherwise, you might not be careful enough to have your main hard disk drive wiped out (formatted) and that would be a disaster no one wanted. 

 

Step 7. Start the actual system installation up and wait

 

If you are sure the summary is OK, click the Install button to start the installation. This installation of Debian 13 "Trixie" Live GNOME took about three (3) hours to finish on our system with the same setup (and that means four to six times longer than the previous release). Your result may vary depending on your hardware capabilities. While waiting for it, you can play with your children or sip a cup of coffee. Note: click Toggle log button to show up the messages of the actual installation progress being done in the background.

 

Step 8. Finish and restart

 

Once finished, the system installer will say "All Done" to you with a checked box saying "Restart now," and a Done button at the bottom. Click Done to begin the restart process. While it is processing to restart, unplug the bootable flash drive so only the Debian flash drive will still be plugged in.

 

Final Result

 

Once rebooted, your computer will boot into Debian 13 installed into the flash drive. It will say to you "Welcome to Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie)!" with a flying air baloon illustration. Congratulations! You have installed Debian into your computer successfully. Happy hacking!

 

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This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Emoji Selector is the Kubuntu default emoji selector application. Its purpose is to view a wide range of UTF characters to insert them into a document or a chat in the form of symbols, including country flags, foods, clothes, buildings, vehicles, etc. Just like what we explained in the previous episode, Elisa Music Player, we will also explain Emoji Selector in detail with screenshots and further references. We hope this helps every Kubuntu user. Now let's start reading!

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<- Elisa Audio Player | Index | Firefox Web Browser ->

 

Logo

Screenshots

Click to enlarge picture. 

(a)

(b)

(c)


(d)


(e)


(f)

Where:

(a) Emoji Selector shows its first category "All".

(b) Second category "Activities".

(c) Third category "Animals Nature".

(d) Fifth category "Flags".

(e) Sixth category "Food and Drink".

(f) Konsole shows the output of ibus-ui-emojier-plasma command line.

 

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Description

Emoji Selector is the default emoticon provider application on Kubuntu. One can run this application from application launcher or Konsole. This program in the filesystem is called 'ibus-ui-emojier-plasma' on Ubuntu 22.04 and older or 'plasma-emojier' on Ubuntu 24.04 and later.

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Purposes

Kubuntu users use Emoji Selector to:

1. Show tables of emojis. 

2. Pick an emoji. 

3. Paste an emoji for chat text or another kind of text. 

 

Emojis are small pictures that can be inserted into text as if they are characters. Examples of most used emojis are face expressions, country flags, house, food, and clothes.

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How to run Emoji Selector

 
From the application launcher: 

1. Click Kubuntu logo. 

2. Type "emoji" and click Emoji Selector icon. 

3. Emoji Selector runs. Done. 

 

From the keyboard:

Press Super+Period.

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How to insert an emoji

1. Run Emoji Selector.

2. Click an emoji.

3. Open a text chatting application.

4. Paste to include that emoji into the message.

5. To find more emojis, click Search or manually open the categories to the left. 

For example, here's a document containing a "Story About Train" for our students written in LibreOffice Writer and we inserted a train emoji into the paragraph.

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Commands and Integration with Kubuntu Desktop

To run Emoji Selector from command line, run Konsole then type this followed by Enter:

For Kubuntu 22.04 and older:

$ ibus-ui-emojier-plasma
 

For Kubuntu 24.04 and later: 

$ plasma-emojier

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Location on the Screen and System

Emoji Selector is located at the application launcher. 

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Documentation for Emoji Selector

Unfortunately, there is no documentation or user manual for Emoji Selector.

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Similar Programs

Characters - the default emoji picker application on Ubuntu GNOME.

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Contributing to Emoji Selector

Emoji Selector is part of KDE in general and Plasma Desktop in particular so if you want to contribute, you can do it like with any other KDE Applications. You can help with coding (if you know programming), donating, debugging, designing, translating to your language, etc. Technically, Emoji Selector is written in C++ combined with Qt and KDE Frameworks and publicly developed together at KDE Gitlab Server. So if you want to get involved, click the links under References section below. Your contribution will be very useful to the whole community especially GNU/Linux and KDE users. 

 

(Web browser showing KDE Invent website where Emoji Selector source code development is happening and done by a friendly community everyone can join)

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In This Series

<- List of Kubuntu (KDE) Default Applications and Their Purposes

<- Go back to Elisa 

<- Go back to Discover

-> Go next to Firefox

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References

Plasma Desktop Official Webpage 

Plasma Desktop source code development at KDE Invent 

Code map with emojier being one of its components 

KDE Donation Webpage 

KDE Bug Tracker Webpage 

KDE Get Involved Webpage

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We wish you the best for your computing with Kubuntu.   

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This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

This is the fourth compilation of our tutorials and other related articles on Ubuntu 24.04 "Noble Numbat," which have been published here at The Ubuntu Buzz since 2024. In the last compilation, we talked from the List of Ubuntu Default Apps to Thunderbird Email Client. In this episode, we compiled the articles from July and August, about Camera, for your video call experiences, the two penguin games Tux Math and Tux Typing, for your children's educational amusements, and more. We hope this compilation could be useful for you all, especially if you have just started with Ubuntu recently. Happy reading and see you next time!  

 

 

(Tux Typing is the highlight of this episode) 

 

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In this compilation:

1. Camera

2. Tux Math

3. Tux Typing

4. List of Desktop Notes Apps

5. Debian 13 GNU/Linux "Trixie"

6. Find and Replace text on the web 

 

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1. Camera - An Intro to Ubuntu Default Photography Application 

 

Make use of your webcam device on Ubuntu using the default Camera application. This application is originally part of GNOME, and it has the characteristics of being simple and just-work.  You can take pictures or record videos with it. You can also enable some filters available to enhance your pictures. 

(GNOME Camera on Ubuntu)

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2. Tux Math Game

 

Tux Math is like a lost treasure in today's education, that is, a good educational game for kids. It is part of Tux4Kids, a long-lasting free software project to develop high-quality education games for children aged 6 to 12 or more. This great piece of software is available on Ubuntu 24.04, and we believe you will find it fun playing it with your children as a parent or your students as a teacher. Play it, and share it with the others!

 

 (Tux Math on Ubuntu showing its main menu)

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3. Tux Typing Game

 

Tux Typing is like another lost treasure, along with Tux Math, in today's education: a good education game for both kids and adults. It is our community's alternative to the popular game Feeding Frenzy, with a penguin as the mascot, so you can play a training of English vocabularies alongside a training of keyboard typing. 

(Tux Typing game showing its main menu)

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4. List of Useful Desktop Sticky Notes Applications

 

Affiche.App from GNUstep is one of useful desktop notes application on Ubuntu. We also have KNotes and the others. Choose the best one for your daily computing life!

(Clockwise from top-left: Xpad showing some text, Firefox showing the GNUstep Project website, and KNotes showing a sentence)

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5. Debian 13 GNU/Linux "Trixie"

 

In the whole GNU/Linux family, Debian is the parent of Ubuntu, meaning Ubuntu is created from the source code of Debian, while in turn Debian is created from combining the source code of GNU and Linux (and that works like that thanks to they are Free Software). We highly respect The Debian Project (just like we respect Ubuntu, GNU, and Linux projects), so we would love to put Debian 13 "Trixie" here the spirit of our community and that our operating systems are one GNU/Linux.

 

(Welcome to Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie))

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6. Find and Replace on the web

 

Find and Replace feature is essential to authors and writers alike on the web. With that, we can easily correct our writing mistakes or change some words to the others with just one click. Get started with it and have a good experience in your work!

(Find & Replace webpage on the Mozilla Add-ons)

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 <- Go back to "Part I"

 <- Go back to "Part II"

<- Go back to "Part III"

We wish you the best for your computing with Ubuntu.

   

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This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Document Viewer or Evince is the default PDF reader application on Ubuntu. It originates from GNOME and its real name is evince. As its name suggests, Document Viewer's purpose is to display various digital documents and electronic books, like PDF and other formats. It has many features: simple, easy to use, presentation mode, and a lot more. We will explain in detail what is and how to use it on Ubuntu 24.04 "Noble Numbat" in the rest of this article. Now, let's start reading!

 

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Logo

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Original Logo

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Screenshots

 

Click to enlarge picture.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Where:

(a) Evince reads a PDF document normally. The left sidebar shows the outline (clickable table of contents).

(b) Evince shows its menu button (the top-right triple-lines one).

(c) Evince shows its zoom button containing several options from 50% to 400%.

(d) Evince shows its find/search capability. Red highlights are words found as a result.

(e) Evince shows its annotation capabilities. Yellow highlights and a yellow pin are added.

(f) Evince shows its Properties dialog. This dialog shows metadata (unseen information) about the currently opened document like the author's name, creation date, paper size, fonts, etc.

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Description

Evince (English meaning: to make something obvious or to show something clearly; Source: Cambridge Dictionary) or Document Viewer is the preinstalled digital document reader application on Ubuntu. A digital document reader is a program that displays the contents of a PDF or another document on a computer screen. Evince is one of many applications from The GNOME Project, and they have altogether built the Ubuntu operating system. Thanks to Evince, an Ubuntu user can double-click a PDF file, then its content pages will be displayed quickly on screen. Just like any other GNOME application, technically, Evince is written in the C programming language with GTK+ libraries. Evince Document Viewer is free software licensed under the GNU General Public License. 

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Purposes

 

Document Viewer aka GNOME Evince serves the Ubuntu users the following purposes:

1. Read digital documents like PDF and others. 

2. Print a PDF or another document with a printer. 

3. Print a document in booklet mode.

4. Display a document in presentation mode, i.e. full screen. 

5. Convert a document from one format to another format.

6. Display, fill in, and save a PDF form. 

7. Annotate a PDF with colored lines, highlights, and text notes. 

 

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Features and Supported Formats

 

Document Viewer offers the following features: 

• Simple

• Fast

• Easy to use 

• Supports a lot of digital document formats

• A good user manual 

• Has been the default document viewer on Ubuntu for a very long time

Document Viewer supports the following formats:

• Comic book archives (.cb7, .cbr, .cbt, and .cbz)

• Device independent file format (.dvi)

• DjVu (.djvu, .djv)

• Open XML Paper Specification (.oxps, .xps)

• Portable Document Format (.pdf)

• PostScript (.ps)

 

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How To Run Document Viewer

1. Click Ubuntu menu button.

2. Type "document" or "evince".

3. Click Document Viewer logo.

4. The application runs. Done. 

 

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How To Use Document Viewer

This application is primarily used for reading PDF documents. 
 

A. How To Read a PDF from Document Viewer

1. Run Document Viewer.

2. Click Open.

3. Navigate and select a PDF file from the dialog then click Open.

4. A PDF document is displayed on screen. Done. 

 

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B. How To Read a PDF from File Manager 
1. Run Files.

2. Navigate to a PDF document file.

3. Double-click that PDF file.

4. The PDF document will be displayed on screen using Document Viewer. Done.      

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Commands and Integration with Ubuntu Desktop

Document Viewer can be launched via the command line in the Terminal:

$ evince

 

An example of how this command line is executed is as follows:

Document Viewer can also be called from Files (Ubuntu file manager): 

1. Double-click a PDF file will open it using Document Viewer. Otherwise,

2. right-click on it -> Open With -> Evince. 

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Location on the Screen and System

1. Document Viewer can be found on the Ubuntu applications menu.

2. Document Viewer can also be spawned from Files (Ubuntu file manager) as mentioned above. 

3. Actual location of the program in the filesystem is /usr/bin/evince. 

4. App Store listed Document Viewer as a preinstalled application. 

 

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Documentation and User Manual for Disks

Press F1 when running Document Viewer. This will open the Evince Document Viewer user manual. It is a full documentation organized in chapters from Introduction to Get Involved. This is a free software documentation licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

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Similar Programs

Okular - the default PDF reader application on Kubuntu.

Paper - the next-generation successor to Evince from The GNOME Project.

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Contributing to Document Viewer

Evince Document Viewer is part of GNOME. So, you can contribute to Evince just like how you contribute to other GNOME applications. You can do many things to participate, such as make a donation to help fund the project, or help translate Evince to your language, or if you are a programmer, help improve its source code, or simply report a bug to the project is considered a contribution and many more. Programmatically, Evince is written in the C language with GTK libraries by using (optionally) the GNOME Builder code editor. Finally, your contribution to Evince will benefit GNOME, Ubuntu and other GNU/Linux projects as well. To start participating, feel free to see Evince's Official Webpage from the References section below.

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References

Evince Official Website 

Source code of GNOME Evince 

Get Involved to GNOME Evince Project 

Donate to The GNOME Project 

Evince on Wikipedia
 

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In This Series

<- "Disk Usage Analyzer (Your Free Disk Space Companion)"

<- "Disks (Your Disk Management Tool)" 

<- "List of All Ubuntu 24.04 Default Applications"

-> "Document Scanner"

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This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Disks, or GNOME Disk Utility, is the Ubuntu default disk storage management application. Its purpose is to manage everything about hard disk drives and other storage on your Ubuntu computer -- including optical discs (CDs, DVDs) and USB flash drives. That means you can alter the filesystem inside that disk (create, remove, resize, and rename it), format the disk (to MBR or GPT), make a backup, as well as write an ISO image to that disk, and do other useful things such as benchmarks and more configurations. 

 

Subscribe to UbuntuBuzz Telegram Channel to get article updates.

Logo

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Original Logo

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Screenshots

 
Click to enlarge picture.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

 

Where:
 

(a) Disks default appearance. 

(b) Disks showing internal hard disk drive of a laptop.

(c) Disks showing options of a select hard disk drive. Visible here "Format Disk", "Create Disk Image", "Restore Disk Image", and more.

(d) Disks showing options of a select partition and contents of the gear button. Visible here "Format partition", "Edit partition", "Edit filesystem", and more.
    
(e) Disks showing results of a hard disk benchmark. Visible here average read & write rates represented with blue and red graphs. 
    
(f) Disks showing two dialogs of "Format Disk" and "Restore Image". 

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Description

Disks (GNOME Disk Utility) is the default disk management application on Ubuntu. It has a clean, consistent, and simple user interface with a left panel to show a list of disks and a right panel to show the details of a selected disk. Its purpose is to manage and change disk storage on an Ubuntu computer. That includes formatting the disks, manipulating filesystems on them, configuring various things such as automatic mounting, making backups and restoring, as well as benchmarking them. Furthermore, its purpose can be extended by combining it with the LiveCD ability of Ubuntu: Disks can also manage disk storage from other operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Apple MacOS, even if those systems are present on other computers. Disks is an application originating from the GNOME Applications by The GNOME Project.

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Purposes

1. View all disk storage on an Ubuntu computer, including:

• Hard disk drive (HDD)
• USB Flash Disk Drive (FDD)
• CD Drive
• DVD Drive
• Solid State Drive (SSD)

2. Read detailed information from a disk or a filesystem, such as: 

• partition table (MBR or GPT), 
• unique identity (UUID), 
• type (EXT4, ReiserFS, Btrfs, FAT32, or NTFS), 
• size in GB, 
• and much more.

3. Formatting the disk with a partition table of choice:

• Master Boot Record (MBR), or
• GUID Partition Table (GPT)

4. Manipulate the filesystem inside a disk, including:

• Creating
• Removing
• Resizing
• Renaming
• Reformatting the filesystem type (EXT4, FAT, etc.)

5. Imaging the disk, meaning two ways of:

• Making a backup of the whole disk drive, resulting in an ISO image, and
• Restoring a backup to a disk drive, and this also means
• Writing an ISO Image file onto a disk drive to make a bootable medium

6. Making various configurations, including:

• Shutting down a hard disk drive.
• Enabling automatic mounting to a certain disk drive.
• Making a certain disk drive read-only or fully writable.

7. Benchmarking a hard disk or a solid state drive (SSD), resulting in a chart and table of detailed information.

8. Testing the health of a hard disk drive via SMART data and self-test.

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How To Run Disks

1. Click Ubuntu menu button.

2. Type "disks".

3. Click Disks logo.

4. The application runs. Done. 

 

 

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How To Use Disks

 

This application has a lot of use. We picked here four (4) of them from A to D:

 

A. Viewing a detailed information of a hard disk drive (HDD).

1. Run Disks.

2. Select a disk drive from the left panel.

3. Full information is viewed on the right panel in form of a table. Done.

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B. Formatting a USB flash disk drive. 

1. Plug your USB flash disk drive into a USB port.

2. Disks will detect and show it on the left panel. For example, "SanDisk CruzerBlade."

3. Select it.

4. Click the three-line button to the top > Format... > select MBR/MSDOS option > OK. Done.

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C. Viewing a health measurement of a disk.

1. Select a disk from the left panel.

2. Click the three-line button to the top > SMART Data & Self-tests... >

3. Click Start > Short > type your password > wait for the process to take place. 

4. When finished, it will show a message "Last self-test completed successfully". Done.

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D. Benchmarking a disk.

1. Do the same like point C, but select Benchmark Disk... option instead.

2. Click Start Benchmark.

3. Click Start Benchmarking.

4. Type your password.

5. Wait for the process to take place.

6. While finished, a chart with detailed information will be shown. Done.

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Commands and Integration with Ubuntu Desktop

Disks can be launched via command line:

$ gnome-disks
 

Disks can also be called from Files (Ubuntu file manager) in several ways: 

1. Right-click an ISO image file -> Open with Disk Image Mounter. 

(This gives you similar functionality to popular but proprietary programs Daemon Tools and UltraISO.)

 

2.  Right-click an ISO image file -> Open with -> Disk Image Writer. 

(This gives you similar functionality to popular but proprietary programs Nero Burning [to CD/DVD] as well as AOMEI or UltraISO [to USB])

 

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Location on the Screen and System

1. Disks can be found on Ubuntu applications menu.

2. Disks can also be found on Files (Ubuntu file manager) as mentioned above. 

 

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Documentation and User Manual for Disks

Press F1 when running GNOME Disks. This will open Ubuntu Desktop Guide , the documentation and user manual for Ubuntu users, to the chapter of Disks showing a selection of more chapters related to disks and filesystems. 

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Similar Programs

KDE Partition Manager - the default disk management application on Kubuntu.

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Contributing to GNOME Disks

Disks is part of GNOME. So, you can contribute to Disks just like how you contribute to other GNOME applications. You can do many things to participate such as make a donation to help fund the project, or help translate Disks to your language, or if you are a programmer, help improving its source code, or simply reporting a bug to the project is considered a contribution and many more. Programmatically, Disks is written in C and Rust languages with GTK libraries by using (optionally) GNOME Builder code editor. Finally, your contribution to Disks will benefit GNOME, Ubuntu and other GNU/Linux projects as well. To start participating, feel free to see Disks's Official Webpage from References section below.

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References

Disks Official Website 

Source code of GNOME Disks 

Get Involved to GNOME Disks Project 

Donate to The GNOME Project 
 

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In This Series

<- "Characters (Your Emoji Selector)"

<- "Disk Usage Analyzer (Your Free Disk Space Companion)"

<- "List of All Ubuntu 24.04 Default Applications"

- > "Document Viewer"

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---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

This is the third compilation of our Ubuntu 24.04 Noble Numbat tutorials, which have been published here at The Ubuntu Buzz since 2024. In the last compilation, we talked about useful things like Telegram and Synaptic, among others. In this episode, we will remind you The List of Ubuntu Default Apps, Adjusting Cursor Size, as well as Thunderbird Setup, each with a brief description. We hope this compilation series will be useful to you and everyone. This marks our last article of that year in June. Please enjoy!

 

(Ubuntu showing the content of an email)

 

Subscribe to UbuntuBuzz Telegram Channel to get article updates.

 

In this compilation:

1. List of Ubuntu Noble Numbat Default Apps

2. Adjusting Cursor Size

3. Connecting to Google Drive Storage in Files

4. Bringing Winamp-skinned Native Audio Player to Ubuntu

5.  WTDAI Noble Numbat

6. Configuring Thunderbird Email Client 

 

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List of Ubuntu 24.04 Default Applications

This is what many people are looking for! A listing of all preinstalled applications and games on Ubuntu Noble Numbat. We sorted them in alphabetical order from App Center to Videos. We hope this helps everyone, especially teachers and course instructors who teach about Ubuntu.

 

 

(Files also known as Nautilus is the default file manager program on Ubuntu)

 

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Adjusting Cursor Size

Do you want to help older people using Ubuntu? If so, we believe you will need to make the cursor on their computer display look bigger and clearer to them. We have the tutorial for you here. 

 

 (Ubuntu showing cursor size configuration)

 

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Connecting to Google Drive Storage in Files

Do you usually store your documents and files online on Google Drive service? Do you want your file manager to be able to access online storage seamlessly, just like accessing one of your hard drives? If so, feel free to read this tutorial and make it a reality.  

 

 

 

(Ubuntu showing Google account configuration with Files option enabled) 

 

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A Winamp-skinned Native Audio Player on Ubuntu

Let us introduce you to QMMP, a native audio player on Ubuntu which can be configured to look like Winamp -- an old audio player program popular among many Microsoft Windows users -- with skins. When you look at it, you might not believe it is a native Ubuntu application.

 

 (One of our friends said "That is Winamp!" when he saw this)

 

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WTDAI Ubuntu Noble Numbat

What To Do After Installing Ubuntu Noble Numbat? We have some practical advice and suggestions compiled here for you. Included in this article are beneficial things from getting started to know Ubuntu graphical user interface to recommended apps and games -- from Telegram Desktop to Xonotic -- among others. We hope this helps everyone who starts their new journey in computing with Ubuntu.

 

 

 

(Ubuntu showing its own system information) 

 

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Configuring Thunderbird Email Client

If you want to send and receive mail using your Gmail (and other email services) account in a more managed way, then you already have the tool, that is Thunderbird on Ubuntu. We have this tutorial to help you set up your Blue Bird of Thunder to be able to store emails locally, send and receive them with the standard IMAP/SMTP configuration.

(Ubuntu Thunderbird showing our mail inbox with an email from KFocus newsletter visible)

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 <- Go back to "Compilation Part I"

 <- Go back to "Compilation Part II"

We wish you the best for your computing with Ubuntu.   

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This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Devuan 6 "Excalibur" GNU+Linux is finally released! It has been released on Monday, 3 November 2025. Devuan (pronounced dev-one) is the free software operating system for computers derived from Debian GNU/Linux without systemd. This release "Excalibur" is the sixth release of Devuan released after two years of development. It is based on Debian 13 "Trixie" and coincidentally released a month following Ubuntu 25.10 "Questing Quokka". Congratulations to Devuan Community and happy downloading!

Subscribe to UbuntuBuzz Telegram Channel to get article updates.

 

About Devuan

Devuan is free software operating system for your computers developed as a modified version of Debian GNU/Linux without systemd developed in collaboration by Dyne.org Foundation Netherlands and Veteran Unix Admins Australia. Devuan Project was started in 2014 and its first OS release was version Jessie 1.0 in 2017. What makes Devuan unique is its commitment to make all free software as a whole work without systemd (they call it Init Freedom), it has "GNU+Linux" in its official name, its release naming system follows stars naming, the encouragement to create new distros through Devuan Software Development Kit and the special package management tool called Amprolla. 

 

 

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Download Devuan 6

All editions of Devuan 6 "Excalibur" are divided into five choices namely desktop-live, netinstall, server, desktop-install and minimal-live which each one is divided further by i386 and amd64 (also known as PC 32-bit and PC 64-bit). Below are direct download (also known as regular) links of them we picked out from mirror server number one of Devuan. If you don't know which one to pick, simply select the first one below.

desktop-live [ amd64 ] 

netinstall [ amd64 ]  

server [ amd64 ] [ remaining_cds ] 

desktop-installer [ amd64 ] 

minimal-live [ amd64 ] 

 

 

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Alternative Downloads via Torrent

All editions of Devuan 6 "Excalibur" can be downloaded collectively as well as selectively (meaning you can pick only one among all choices) via torrent method aside from the regular method above. We recommend this method for everyone. 

devuan_excalibur [ torrent ] 

 

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Mirrors

Devuan 6 "Excalibur" provides worldwide mirrors or download servers thanks to the support from multiple companies and community. If your progress is slow using one of the links above, try to use alternative link from mirrors below. 

🇩🇰 Denmark https://mirrors.dotsrc.org/devuan-cd/

🇳🇱 Netherlands https://mirror.leaseweb.com/devuan/

🇩🇪 Germany https://ftp.fau.de/devuan-cd/ 

🇱🇺 Luxembourg https://devuan.c3l.lu/

🇨🇭 Switzerland https://mirror.ungleich.ch/mirror/devuan/

🇺🇸 United States https://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/devuan-cd/
 

Happy downloading!

 

 

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Checksums

After downloading a copy of an ISO image file of Devuan, you are advised to compare the SHA256SUM value of your copy with SHA256SUM value of the official release. If the value matches the original, then your copy is okay. Otherwise, it is corrupted and you should re-download it.  

fcd92e9ee9b1b2f97921945c514cec4c2d5cd91a7820101978218c35875d6c6e  devuan_excalibur_6.0.0_amd64_netinstall.iso
e6eaba91e7422e26f9e231ddde9034725f66a2f4bd30df17fdf76ee85b4765c7  devuan_excalibur_6.0.0_amd64_server.iso
1e139e30f3db670b65ae5bed652fd46376bf74758f42d4d980f323fb7169fb14  devuan_excalibur_6.0.0_amd64_cd2.iso
0bb82bd1f313a3cd0cdc2966c86a49d2edc24a5aed8a1385cfb849cc47583887  devuan_excalibur_6.0.0_amd64_cd3.iso
b53b8e4563c917f6de3524cadf5e702948da9599040a73fd5e5d889ee7a5adf2  devuan_excalibur_6.0.0_amd64_cd4.iso
f270e42bb210f7655a6805d644d5da2cc2ee9e0744160577e34e60b1ac75c1f3  devuan_excalibur_6.0.0_amd64_cd5.iso
fd9bea571645cfd4ff1a71e66599e3fa6d03a5db2e782273a6947bdac3a3fff6  devuan_excalibur_6.0.0_amd64_desktop.iso
f99ba8127e2141411858018bb374495432aa0895d5090f50a56f2ad8afa27b1c  devuan_excalibur_6.0.0_amd64_pool1.iso
8e97bf9654768dcd96b128f52d0d14e222b425df6c1ba57e5974ba87df4c6a2c  devuan_excalibur_6.0.0_amd64_desktop-live.iso

 

Happy downloading!

 

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References 

Official Download Page of Devuan 6 "Excalibur"

Excalibur Release Announcement

Excalibur Release Notes

Excalibur on Distrowatch

Devuan on Wikipedia

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---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

The forty-third release of Fedora GNU/Linux is here. It's released on Tuesday, 28 October 2025 or the same month Ubuntu 25.10 "Questing Quokka" was released. It is available in a lot of editions, mainly: Workstation, KDE Plasma Edition (new!), Server, IoT, Cloud and many more. We make a summary of the downloads for you below (and links to find the rest). Finally, congratulations and thank you to Fedora developers and the whole community. Happy downloading!

Subscribe to UbuntuBuzz Telegram Channel to get article updates.

Fedora Editions
We explain Fedora editions as follows. Please note that it is a little bit different to Ubuntu and The Official Flavors.


1. Workstation: desktop edition.

2. KDE Plasma Edition: formerly a Spin, now recognized as an independent edition.

3. Server: standard server edition.

4. IoT: command line based Raspberry-pi-like embedded edition.

5. Cloud: advanced server or Virtual Machine Image edition.

6. CoreOS: advanced, automatically updating container-based edition

 


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Fedora 43 Workstation
 

Fedora Workstation is the desktop edition. It is powered with GNOME desktop environment, LibreOffice and DNF. Today it is, like Ubuntu, available for two modern architectures, amd64 (x86_64) and arm64 (aarch64) and not the old one PC 32-bit (also known as i386 or x86) anymore. Download the x86_64 if you do not have any idea which one to choose.

Download: Fedora-Workstation-Live-42-1.1.x86_64.iso

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Fedora 43 KDE Plasma Edition

Fedora KDE Plasma Edition is the new generation desktop edition made official in this release. It is powered with KDE Plasma, just like Kubuntu. Download this if you want an alternative to the GNOME desktop offered in the Workstation edition.

Download: Fedora-KDE-Desktop-Live-42-1.1.x86_64.iso
 
 

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Fedora 43 Server
 

Fedora Server is the standard server edition. It is command line interface (CLI) based like any other server operating system. Download this if you plan to empower your server or even your PC as one.

Download: Fedora-KDE-Desktop-Live-42-1.1.x86_64.iso
 


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Fedora 43 IoT
 Fedora IoT (short for Internet of Things) is a lightweight operating system without desktop environment for devices like Raspberry Pi. It is available in 4 different architecture options, but we only show one of them here.

Download: Fedora-IoT-ostree-42-20250414.0.x86_64.iso



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Fedora 43 Cloud

Fedora Cloud is the edition for use in Virtual Machines or advanced server setups like Amazon AWS public/private services. It is available in 4 architecture options, with even more selection of platforms.
Download: https://fedoraproject.org/cloud/download/
   

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Fedora 43 CoreOS

Fedora CoreOS is the edition for use as a minimal, automatically-updating and container-based system available across three different release streams: Stable, Testing and Next for four different architectures. It can also be launched immediately in both AWS as well as GCP.


Download: https://fedoraproject.org/coreos/download/

 
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Checksums

These are SHA256SUMs from ISO images mentioned above collected from Fedora 43 official download page. You should verify each of ISO image file you downloaded to match the official SHA256SUM (read Pro Tip below), otherwise it is not valid and you should re-download it.

# Fedora-Workstation-Live-43-1.6.x86_64.iso: 2742190080 bytes
SHA256 (Fedora-Workstation-Live-43-1.6.x86_64.iso) = 2a4a16c009244eb5ab2198700eb04103793b62407e8596f30a3e0cc8ac294d77

# Fedora-KDE-Desktop-Live-43-1.6.x86_64.iso: 3265843200 bytes
SHA256 (Fedora-KDE-Desktop-Live-43-1.6.x86_64.iso) = 181fe3e265fb5850c929f5afb7bdca91bb433b570ef39ece4a7076187435fdab

# Fedora-Server-dvd-x86_64-43-1.6.iso: 3484483584 bytes
SHA256 (Fedora-Server-dvd-x86_64-43-1.6.iso) = aca06983bef83da9b43144c1a2ff4c8483e4745167c17f53725c16a16742e643

# Fedora-IoT-ostree-43-20251024.0.x86_64.iso: 2266001408 bytes
SHA256 (Fedora-IoT-ostree-43-20251024.0.x86_64.iso) = 5b711ede484a37e26bb40c36084d188a07be175e69fc959c34501ce8fa785f54

    

Pro Tip!

Don't know how to verify checksums yet? Don't worry, please read our General Downloading Guide that includes the procedures in a step-by-step manner you can follow. Good luck!

 

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Other Downloads
Fedora 43, other than those mentioned above, has even more editions, namely:

1. Atomic Desktops: Silverblue, Sway etc. fedoraproject.org/atomic-desktops/
2. Spins (10 editions): fedoraproject.org/spins

3. Labs (12 editions): labs.fedoraproject.org

4. Torrents (all editions): torrent.fedoraproject.org
 

That can be selected and downloaded from www.fedoraproject.org -> top menu -> Get Fedora -> page will show them all or optionally you can scroll down to the bottom of the page -> there are columns of The Editions.
  (We downloaded Fedora 43 using Transmission BitTorrent)


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Contributing to Fedora

The Fedora Project invites everyone to join the development together. Participating is fun! Your name can be noted as one of the people who built Fedora GNU/Linux. If you want to participate, you can get involved in any kind of participation you can, including software development, packaging, testing, and debugging, as well as art creativity, graphic design, marketing, etc. See References section below.
 
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About Fedora
 

Fedora, originating from Hawaii, United States, is a computer operating system and GNU/Linux distribution parent to Red Hat Enterprise OS. It is famous for its leadership in technological advancement and for its abundance of hardware platform supports, as well as the number of editions it offers. It runs on desktops, laptops, servers, IoT devices, as well as virtual machines and advanced server systems (like AWS Cloud) and latest bleeding-edge machines like IBM POWER. It is developed in public by the community via the internet and also at real life conferences around the world. First released in 2003 as Fedora Core version 1 and released in 2025 as Fedora version 43. Visit the official website at https://fedoraproject.org.

 

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See Also

How To Install Fedora on Your Computer or Laptop

What To Do After Installing Fedora

Comparison of Fedora and Ubuntu

Lenovo Fedora Laptops

List of Electronics Engineering Software on Fedora

 

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References

Fedora 43 Announcement 

Fedora 43 Release Notes 

Fedora 43 What's New? 

Red Hat's Announcement of Fedora 43 

User Manual and Documentation 

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---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Zorin OS 18 has been released last week at Tuesday, 14th October 2025. This release is special because it comes out coincidentally in the same month Canonical releases Ubuntu 25.10 "Questing Quokka" and Microsoft ends the life of Windows 10. Currently available as Pro, Core and Education choices of edition, it is the successor to OS 17 released two years ago. This GNU/Linux system is suitable for most computer users, organizations, schools and offices. Below you will find the download links. Now, let's download Zorin OS together! 

Subscribe to UbuntuBuzz Telegram Channel to get article updates.

Purchase Zorin Computer

Today, you can purchase a laptop or desktop computer with Zorin OS preinstalled. Fortunately, these computers are already available (just like Windows and MacOS boxes). Last release, you can order from two shops, namely LaptopWithLinux and StarLabs, and this release, you can choose from two more shops, namely NovaCustom and Framework shipping worldwide. Zorin Company have partnered with these computer brands and every purchase helps contribute to the Zorin OS project itself. Click here to view all Zorin Computers.

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Download Pro Edition

We respect the decision of Zorin Project to make one edition a paid product, that is, a commercial version of GNU/Linux and free (libre) software distribution Zorin OS. You can purchase Pro Edition (Ultimate) for $48. Every purchase helps contribute to Zorin development. To purchase Zorin Pro, visit the official webpage. 

 

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Download Core Edition

Zorin Core is the edition for standard uses on desktop and laptop computers. Click here to download Zorin Core. 
 

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Download Education Edition

Zorin Education is an edition built for schools, teachers and students. It includes educational software built-in to help teachers teaches about math, science, geography, languages and more. It is also enhanced with optimization to make it suitable to run on older PCs and computers with software versions as latest as possible. Click here to download Zorin Education.

 

 ****

 

Download Lite Edition

To be discontinued thanks to the optimization successfully done to non-Lite editions.

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Mirrors

Below are several alternative download links of Zorin OS 18. You can pick one mirror below if you feel your download speed to the official mirror is slow.

🇺🇸 North America, by Ibiblio, North Carolina.

🇮🇩 Asia, by DatautamaNET, Indonesia.

🇰🇷 Asia, by Kakao, South Korea.

🇫🇷 Europe, by IRCAM, France.

🇩🇪 Europe, by 23media, Germany.

****

Torrents

Official Zorin OS does not publish torrents. However, unofficial torrents are usually made available for Core, Lite and Education Editions by two communities, FossTorrents and LinuxTracker. Once made available, you can download from there and verify the downloaded files using Checksums below.

 

****

Checksums

Your downloaded file should be verified and checked the SHA256SUM to match its original SHA256SUM from Zorin OS so then you can safely use it -- otherwise your file copy is broken and corrupted. Click this tutorial to learn to do this verification.

Zorin OS 18 Core 64-bit: 98666287ca5afae215def4804aca479bf3b439e028bc8f4e4d8ecddb6dd27339

Zorin OS 18 Education 64-bit: 0eb9c12166721e77c7a131e433ae8833fc2aa916104be615850795826f4cfc33

Zorin OS 18 Pro 64-bit: eee2f551015ff0a8d28769e0bf0bb18a3490113f7977f2b4f2c54781e431cdea

 

****

How To Make Zorin OS Bootable

We have the tutorials. You can use either Disk Utility or Unetbootin or Rufus program to burn the image file to a USB to make a Zorin OS bootable media. Follow Disk Utility tutorial or Unetbootin/Rufus one to do it. This media later can be used to install Zorin OS to your computer and laptop.

****

How To Install Zorin OS

Lastly, you can follow Ubuntu Installation Guide to install Zorin OS 18 as the walkthrough is basically the same. This guide can result in either normal or dualboot, either for UEFI or BIOS Legacy installation, and either on internal or external storage (an empty USB flash drive for example) for you.

 

**** 

 

See Also 

 

Zorin News: Windows 10 is reaching its end of life

FSF News: 2025 end of Windows 10 

GNU Project: Selling Free Software (GNU/Linux for example) is OK! 

 

****

References

Official Announcement 

Official Downloads  

Official Checksums OS 18 (archived)

Distrowatch: Zorin OS 18 

Switch Your Organization to Zorin OS 

Donate to Zorin 

****

---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Congratulations to Canonical and Ubuntu Community for the release of Ubuntu 25.10 Questing Quokka yesterday Thursday, 9 October 2025! This is the third interim release between last LTS, 24.04 Noble Numbat (NN), and next LTS, designated 26.04 Resolute Raccoon (RR). We presented here a compilation of all download links including the Official Flavors, mirrors, and torrents. Let's celebrate together, and download and run our computer, laptop and server with Ubuntu.

 

Subscribe to UbuntuBuzz Telegram Channel to get article updates.

 
Ubuntu Desktop
Ubuntu Desktop 25.10 Questing Quokka. This is the Ubuntu Desktop from Canonical featuring Wayland, GNOME, Snap, and many other FOSS technologies. All other Flavors are variants derived from this version.

Download link: ubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
   
 **** Ubuntu Server
Ubuntu Server 24.04 is the official Ubuntu edition for server computers, networking and cloud.

Download link: ubuntu-25.10-live-server-amd64.iso
  
  ****  Kubuntu
Kubuntu is an Ubuntu Flavor with KDE Plasma Desktop, Dolphin file manager and LibreOffice suitable for most computer users especially who are traditionally accustomed to Microsoft Windows.

Download link: kubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
   **** 


Xubuntu
Xubuntu is Ubuntu with Xfce desktop, featuring Thunar file manager and LibreOffice geared for lightweight computing and better performance.


Download link: xubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
  
 ****  Lubuntu Lubuntu is Ubuntu with LXQt (formerly LXDE) desktop, PCManFM file manager, and Abiword + Gnumeric office suite geared for empowering older computers and high performance.


Download link: lubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
  
 ****  Ubuntu Studio 
Ubuntu Studio is an Ubuntu Flavor geared specifically for creativity and multimedia production featuring KDE Plasma Desktop (formerly Xfce) and a set of multimedia software consisted of, among others, Gimp and Blender 3D (for graphics), Ardour (for audio/music composition), and OpenShot (for video editing).

Download link: ubuntustudio-25.10-dvd-amd64.iso
 
  **** 
Ubuntu Kylin
Ubuntu Kylin is an Ubuntu Flavor for Chinese users featuring UKUI user interface which most users will feel similar to Windows 8.


Download link: ubuntukylin-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso

 
 ****  Ubuntu MATE
Ubuntu MATE is an Ubuntu Flavor with MATE Desktop Environment (formerly GNOME 2), Caja File Manager (formerly Nautilus 2), and LibreOffice.

Download link: not yet released
   ****  Ubuntu Budgie
Ubuntu Budgie is an Ubuntu Flavor with Budgie Desktop featuring unique computing experience.

Download link: ubuntu-budgie-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso

 
  ****  Ubuntu Unity
Ubuntu Unity, formerly the official Ubuntu Desktop from Natty to Zesty years, is now (since 22.10) an Ubuntu Flavor with Unity Desktop featuring simple, easy to use yet powerful computing experience with original styles unique to any other OSes.
Download link: not yet released
   ****
 
Edubuntu
Edubuntu is an Ubuntu experience for school and university, for teachers and students. It was a discontinued official flavor (last release dated back to 2014), now revived and this is its second release. It offers programs needed in classrooms as well as non-formal education.

Download link: edubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
   ****
 
Ubuntu Cinnamon 
Ubuntu Cinnamon is an Ubuntu experience with Cinnamon desktop, the well-known Linux Mint flagship. It is a brand new official flavor now it saw the third release.

Download link: ubuntucinnamon-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
     **** 

 

Mirrors
If you cannot download Ubuntu 25.10 Questing Quokka from official links above, or in case your speed is too slow, you might want to consider downloading from a nearest link from mirrors below. 

🇮🇩 Indonesia ubuntu-cd/

🇨🇳 China ubuntu-releases/

🇯🇵 Japan ubuntu-releases/

🇳🇿 New Zealand ubuntu-releases/

🇩🇪 Germany ubuntu-releases/

🇨🇭 Switzerland ubuntu-releases/

🇫🇷 France ubuntu-releases/

🇺🇸 United States ubuntu-releases/

🇨🇦 Canada ubuntu-releases/

🇧🇷 Brazil releases/

🇿🇦 South Africa ubuntu-releases/

 

More mirrors https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+cdmirrors   ***

 
Torrents       
Below's list of torrent links of Ubuntu 25.10 Questing Quokka and Official Flavors. Please consider to download Ubuntu Questing and Flavors using BitTorrent method with BitTorrent links below. You can use BitTorrent downloader applications like Transmission, Deluge or KTorrent. This method is faster, more reliable, and does contribute directly to the Ubuntu community.


Ubuntu Desktop ubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent

Ubuntu Server ubuntu-25.10-live-server-amd64.iso.torrent

Kubuntu kubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent

Xubuntu xubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent

Lubuntu lubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent

Ubuntu Studio ubuntustudio-25.10-dvd-amd64.iso.torrent

Ubuntu MATE [ not yet released ]
Ubuntu Budgie ubuntu-budgie-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent

Ubuntu Kylin ubuntukylin-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent

Ubuntu Unity [ not yet released ] Edubuntu edubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent

Ubuntu Cinnamon ubuntucinnamon-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent

 
Checksums
Here's a compilation of SHA256SUMs of all Ubuntu 25.10 Questing Quokka. After downloading, you should use sha256sum command to verify your ISO image file matching official values below. Once it's matched, you can proceed to use the ISO. But if it's mismatched, that means your download is failed, your ISO file is not safe to use and you should redownload it.

32e30d72ae4798c633323a2684d94a11582bb03a6ab38d2b0d5ae5eabc5e577b *ubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
dc54870e5261c0abad19f74b8146659d10e625971792bd42d7ecde820b60a1d0 *ubuntu-25.10-live-server-amd64.iso
05299da14668ed5e1ddb49b92618725c5e6b55fca5bd163e314c227803af27e1 *ubuntu-25.10-wsl-amd64.wsl
77cade4b5b6c85f0d7f163c7113b9207d58aec82e8247b7bfab7c37eafcf5963 *kubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
f6a82db0a34731fd64f4a0ed15b653ab531b058a988830d164b1a0d1c00ba0a6 *xubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
60c13bd078b711773cd8584128e8ef3733b5dfa2fa3eaa1bc9391ca08a97ff72 *xubuntu-25.10-minimal-amd64.iso
f7cd90d3b7f59cd2924602b3de0ba1c692682f2a575ea37b3d2f80b0e9ce09b6 *lubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
aa4104e14e06862ebdd7d5d41c3706b41a5d9e855a674d78da465554978c70ad *ubuntustudio-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
2a3f3dd541c6604c00c61411c1033f3604d9984df05a2b74ceb3192aa580134b *ubuntukylin-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
[not yet released] *ubuntu-mate-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
4163b6ee85d4fabdb0569686a4a4d079406d43335c14c8931523dfb9a7c89c93 *ubuntu-budgie-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
[ not yet released ] *ubuntu-unity-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
c7cfabf83a07c45f03f12f618b5421b21d956c0a1465ffa968ddca644fcec566 *ubuntucinnamon-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
33f5b9477cee28a204672213b6f5b7c45853bd3b9be184afab81e6325cb66378 *edubuntu-25.10-desktop-amd64.iso
18eabe6a281485b68cb0b721ec7d075a3198dcdddf4eb5eefdc301102c2f5efc *edubuntu-25.10-preinstalled-desktop-arm64+raspi.img.xz

 

****


References Official Announcement (Canonical)
 Release Notes (Ubuntu Discourse)

Kubuntu

Xubuntu

Lubuntu

Ubuntu Studio

Ubuntu Kylin

Ubuntu MATE (waiting for their official release)

Ubuntu Budgie

Ubuntu Unity (waiting for their official release)

Ubuntu Cinnamon

Edubuntu

Questing Quokka Status Tracking  

 ****

---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

This tutorial is inspired by errors and fixes we encountered when testing openSUSE Leap 16 yesterday. The problem is a kernel panic at boot time, so we cannot run it the same way we usually run other GNU/Linux operating systems up to today. After looking up and re-reading our old articles, we found out a solution. We hope you can run Leap 16 on a virtual machine quickly and easily with this. Now let's start reading and practicing!

 

 

 (A QEMU virtual machine showing openSUSE bootloader with Install Leap 16.0 as an option highlighted in light green)

 

Subscribe to UbuntuBuzz Telegram Channel to get article updates.

 Identifying The Problem

 

We got a consistent error message saying, among all of them, "kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init! [...]" every time we run openSUSE Leap 16 virtually on our workstation Ubuntu 24.04 using QEMU-KVM virtual machine software. To be precise, we boot it up, openSUSE bootloader showing, we choose Install Leap 16, then boot up again and kernel panic. We used the same command line as with any other GNU/Linux image we have, while others worked successfully, only Leap 16 failed. 

 

The command line used is: 

$ sudo qemu-system-x86_64 -m 2G -cdrom Leap-16.0.iso

 

Meaning: 

$ : the command is done in normal user mode. 

sudo : the command asks to be done in super user mode for 15 minutes. 

qemu-system-x86_64 : the actual command line of QEMU computer emulator. This version is intended for PC 64-bit aka x86_64. 

-m 2G : we give 2GB as memory to this virtual machine. 

-cdrom Leap-16.0.iso : we run QEMU in cdrom mode to read an ISO file.   

 

(QEMU window showing a virtual machine running Leap 16 with a black screen, a lot of text message and a kernel panic)   

 

**** 

 

Expected and Actual Result

 

It is expected that Leap 16 boots successfully and we should see "Installer" showing on screen with buttons we could click to proceed further. 

However, actual result showing Leap 16 failed to boot with a black screen kernel panic message. No Installer, no further installation process we can do.

 

**** 

 

Identifying the Cause of Problem

 

After reading, we found out that openSUSE officially states that now Leap users should check their computer to meet the microarchitecture x86-64-v2 minimum requirement before using Leap. Otherwise, Leap will not boot nor work. To be clear, our old laptop ThinkPad T430 with Intel Core i5 Gen. III supports this requirement just fine. However, QEMU-KVM command line used above does not meet the requirement so the booting was failed. 

 

 

(openSUSE Wiki web page X86-64 microarchitecture levels explaining this change happens and the reasons and a list of supported processors)

 

**** 

 

Running Leap 16 in Virtual Machine Correctly 

 

We managed to boot openSUSE Leap 16 successfully in a QEMU-KVM virtual machine by changing the above command line into a new one below: 

$  sudo qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -cpu host -smp 2 -m 2G -cdrom Leap-16.0.iso

Where: 

-enable-kvm : enables Kernel Virtual Machine technology required by -cpu host option.

-cpu host : enables the physical CPU of our laptop to be the CPU of the virtual machine instead of a virtual one. This requires -enable-kvm option.  

-smp 2 : (optional) gives 2 cores of CPU to this virtual machine simply to make the computing faster. The more the better as long as it doesn't slow down your host system. This is not required to solve our case.

(QEMU window showing a dark green openSUSE bootloader with a pointer selecting Install Leap 16.0 option with light green highlight)

 (QEMU window showing openSUSE Leap 16 installer with two choices Leap 16.0 and openSUSE Leap Micro 6.2. To this point, it is a success!)

 

 (QEMU window showing Leap 16.0 installer showing its first page Overview with the rest of page names visible to the left)

 

****

 

Conclusions

 

1. openSUSE Leap 16 now requires minimum computer microarchitecture to be x86-64-v2.

2. Simple QEMU command line ---like what we usually use--- do not work anymore with Leap 16. It leads to kernel panic. 

3. -enable-kvm option is a must if we want to use our physical CPU to be the CPU for QEMU virtual machine.

4. -cpu host option is the solution to the above problem because it allows Leap 16 to run directly on our physical processor which already supports x86-64-v2. This option requires KVM features to be enabled.

 

Last but not least, we believe beyond this there should be other solutions. For the moment, this is the best we can share with everyone here. Thank you very much for reading!

 

**** 

 

See Also 

 

1. Connecting a Network between QEMU Host and Guest Made Easy

2. Running a 64-bit GNU/Linux System on QEMU on Old Laptop Lacking Intel-VT Feature 

3. A Complete Guide to Learn QEMU Virtual Machine by Practices  

 

**** 

 

References 

 

Kernel Panic After Booting with Leap 16.0  (openSUSE Forums)

 

**** 

 

---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

openSUSE Leap 16 is finally released this week on Wednesday 1 October 2025 with the headline "Embrace the chameleon". This openSUSE Leap release is aligned with its enterprise family OS, SUSE Linux Enterprise 16, which brings a lot of improvements and security fixes. openSUSE is an European, rich and wealthy computer operating system based on Free Libre Open Source Software which is available for almost all kinds of computer including desktop, laptop, server, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices with abilities to be installed both with and without internet access. This article listed openSUSE Leap 16 download links including torrents and checksums. Happy downloading! 

 

Download Leap 16

This is the openSUSE Leap 16 full installer for desktops, laptops and servers. Alternatively, the netinstall is the small version which requires internet access to complete the installation. As there are many choices of openSUSE Leap, if you don't know what to choose, simply download this DVD below.

DVD: [DOWNLOAD]

Alternative Netinstall: [DOWNLOAD] 

 

 (A screenshot of today's openSUSE official website)
 

**** 

Download Leap for ARM Computers

This is the openSUSE Leap 16 for single board computers (SBC) and Internet of Things (IoT) such as Raspberry Pi and the others.

DVD: [DOWNLOAD]

Alternative netinstall: [DOWNLOAD]

 

 (Raspberry Pi 5, first introduced in 2023, a primary example of modern ARM computers. Image Source: Wikipedia. By © Anil Öztas, CC BY 4.0, Wikimedia Commons)

 

****

Download Leap for POWERPC Computers

This is the openSUSE Leap for PowerPC 64-bit little-endian (ppc64le). This particular family of computer architecture is more known as Apple Mac G5, Sony Playstation 3, and Microsoft Xbox in the past and IBM POWER8 to POWER 9 today. A popular product example today would be Raptor Talos  computers.

DVD: [DOWNLOAD]

Alternative netinstall: [DOWNLOAD]

 

 (IBM Power E870, a server computer, is a prominent example of POWER8 computers. Image source: Wikipedia. By Open Grid Scheduler / Grid Engine - Own work, CC0, Wikimedia Commons)

 

 (Summit, a supercomputer, was a super example of computers based on POWER9 architecture. Source: Wikipedia. By Carlos Jones/ORNL - flickr, CC BY 2.0, Wikimedia Commons)

****

Download Leap for LinuxONE / s390x Computers

This is the openSUSE Leap for IBM LinuxONE mainframe computers or any other machines based on s390x architecture. 

DVD: [DOWNLOAD]

Alternative netinstall: [DOWNLOAD]

 

 (IBM LinuxOne (right, with an orange stripe) is an excellent example of computer based on s290x architecture. Image source: Wikipedia. By Agiorgio - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons)

 

****

TORRENTS

This is the list of torrents of all openSUSE Leap above. It is a highly recommended way to download openSUSE as you will get faster download speed and at the same time decrease load burdens to community servers. You can use the applications Transmission (GNU/Linux, Windows and MacOS), KTorrent (Kubuntu), LibreTorrent (Android) to do the download. Learn to use torrents here.

Leap: [TORRENT]

Leap netinstall: [TORRENT]

Leap ARM64: [TORRENT]

Leap ARM64 netinstall: [TORRENT] 

 

**** 

 

Checksums 

 

These are the SHA256SUM list of openSUSE Leap 16. Learn about verifying your downloaded ISO here.

c90b77418c63d3b652e14cab177d51d32b8b5bb2e2f58f22e28cb0a83254a570  Leap-16.0-offline-installer-aarch64-Build171.1.install.iso

87d40549515d34cb6baaae2ea57b6547091d50626da1c0fad50fecdfe62a7c07  Leap-16.0-online-installer-x86_64.install.iso

c90b77418c63d3b652e14cab177d51d32b8b5bb2e2f58f22e28cb0a83254a570  Leap-16.0-offline-installer-aarch64.install.iso

abe795b96013bd3a885bd9d69b6451a590c36dfc133c9f3cca82ac052057f636  Leap-16.0-online-installer-aarch64.install.iso

6031e83a931b4205a9ab0c980719b0f392d28a01e72ea44e94b5c7c6a8bfe869  Leap-16.0-offline-installer-ppc64le.install.iso

6f14b9733796c8e5bf139858103c9ac4aab2c38deb1ae51e3f3a9c1290e3d131  Leap-16.0-online-installer-ppc64le.install.iso

90d86ba2a07ed77ad9fe6f77b70f87b868c4ee3f0edecf29af9f1bdeaf1a9065  Leap-16.0-offline-installer-s390x.install.iso

3b276df185eb29f642705ff846f6d15cc2128ebe5c67d5bb66f9f995b9ecfc33  Leap-16.0-online-installer-s390x.install.iso 

****

Notes

 

openSUSE Leap 16 now requires at minimum x86-64-v2 (PC 64-bit version two) processor. Official documentation states that you should check your CPU whether it is supported or not. See References section below.  

 

**** 

 

About openSUSE

openSUSE (www.opensuse.org) is a computer operating that is free and open source from GNU/Linux family with a green lizard logo and is connected to its commercial version SUSE Linux Enterprise developed by SUSE Gmbh, a German company, in open collaboration with world wide community. It is well known for its user friendliness thanks to its setup program, called Agama (formerly YaST), that helps computer users to control all aspects of their computing, as well as its richness and wealth of advanced technology like Open Build Service and OpenQA. Its package management tool is called Zypper and its software package format is RPM. It is currently ranked 12th among the most popular GNU/Linux OSes in the world accoding to Distrowatch.com. Last but not least, openSUSE opens contribution where everyone can work together to create the best operating system ever by joining the team. See References section below.

 

**** 

 

References

 

Leap 16 Release Announcement

openSUSE's Official Download Page

What are amd64, i386 and ppc64el? 

Official Documentation

Checking your x86-64-v2 computer compatibility  

Donate to openSUSE  

How to contribute to and join the openSUSE Project

openSUSE's Source Code  

****

---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Do you want to contribute to the community as an Ubuntu user? One of the simplest methods is by reporting a bug that occurs on your Ubuntu system if any. That way, the developers along with community can address and fix the issue to later they publish the fix as updates to the users. That's the origin of our daily software updates! We will explain it by examples and screenshots we hope you and everyone can follow easily. Now, let's read and try it!

 

 

Subscribe to UbuntuBuzz Telegram Channel to get article updates.

 

Basic Knowledge

 

1. Reporting software bugs is a good contribution to our Free Software Community.

2. All Ubuntu bugs are located publicly at a central development website called Launchpad.

3. Ubuntu is already shipped with automatic bug reporter program called 'ubuntu-bug'.

 

****

 

Requirements

 

A Launchpad account. Please register if you don't have one.

****

 

Step 1. Run the problematic program

 

The first step is to know and make sure you have a program with an issue. You need to identify the name of that program to report it. Of course, you don't want to report a bug of GNOME Shell to KDE Plasma developer team (or vice versa) for example, as it would be a wrong report. You should report a bug of GNOME Shell to GNOME Shell developers. Or, you should report an issue with a program from Ubuntu to Ubuntu developers. The same is true to any other Free Software Projects. In this article, we give you two examples of our bug reports:

• GNOME Notes (bijiben) crashes when running normally with default configuration on Ubuntu 24.04 Edit - submitted February 2025

• xfce4-notes crashes after running for a minute on Ubuntu 24.04 - submitted August 2025

 

 

For your information, we found out these two bugs while writing our List of Ubuntu Desktop Notes Applications published last August. 

 

**** 

 

Step 2. Run 'ubuntu-bug' Reporter

 

Then, run this special command line followed by the name of that problematic program. For example:

$ ubuntu-bug bijiben 

$ ubuntu-bug xfce4-notes

 

First command will report a bug with bijiben, while second one will report xfce4-notes. Like this, you can report any other bug you found out on Ubuntu.   

 

**** 

 

Step 3. Fill in the bug report on web browser

 

Then, your web browser will show Launchpad web page form you need to fill in to report the particular issue. You should be already logged in to do so. For example, while reporting issue with bijiben, we filled in like the following:

• Summary:  "GNOME Notes (bijiben) crashes when running normally with default configuration on Ubuntu 24.04" 

• In what package did you find this bug?: "bijiben"

• Bug description:  "I run GNOME Notes (formerly Bijiben) on Ubuntu 24.04 until I can see the window but when I click New button, it automatically crashes (stopped working) without showing any message. ..." See full report here.

 

 

**** 

 

Step 4. Send bug report

 

Then, unless your bug report is about a security vulnerability, click Submit Bug Report button. Otherwise, give a check mark to "This bug is about security vulnerability". 

 

 

 

Step 5. Your bug report will be published

 

Lastly, wait for your bug report to get responses from The Ubuntu Developers and community. Thank you for your report!

 

**** 

 

Example 1: Bijiben Crashes (Bug #2098611)

 

We reported a bug on GNOME Notes (aka Bijiben) which can be viewed here. 

****

 

Example 2: xfce4-notes Crashes (Bug #2120475)

 

We reported a bug on xfce4-notes which can be viewed here.  

 ****

 

See Also

 

1. Submitting Your Ubuntu Laptop Specifications to H-Node.org (Contributing to the Community)

2. Submitting Your Ubuntu Hardware Info to Linux-Hardware.org (Contributing to the Community)

 

**** 

 

References

 

1. Contributing to Ubuntu Project by Canonical

2. How Ubuntu is Made 

3. Bug Squad 

 

****

---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

FoxReplace is a Firefox addon that is able to replace text in a web page, in both editing and reading mode, with or without regular expression (regex), both manually and automatically. We use it as a complement to Find and Replace which we reviewed last month because among both, only FoxReplace can do text replacing on Blogspot post editor. We need FoxReplace more because as you might have noticed already, this site --The Ubuntu Buzz-- is based on Blogspot. We hope this tutorial will help all other professional authors. Now let's start exercising like always!   

Subscribe to UbuntuBuzz Telegram Channel to get article updates.

How To Install FoxReplace

 

On Ubuntu version 24.04 with Mozilla Firefox version 143 and addon version 2.6.2:  

1. Go to Mozilla Addons Org website.

2. Search for "foxreplace".

3. Select and install FoxReplace by Marc licensed under GNU GPL v3.

 

 (FoxReplace official webpage at Addons Mozilla Org (aka AMO) website)

 

If you don't have an idea on these, please refer to our tutorial on installing a Firefox addon. 

 

**** 

Basic Replacing a Text

 

We practice this on Blogspot (aka Blogger) post editor. Just like the last article, we copy Debian 13 "Trixie" announcement text here as sample text. We will replace the word "Debian" with "GNU/Linux" to see if it works.

1. Prepare sample text on Blogger text editor, for both title and content. See picture below:

 

2. Find the word "Debian" by pressing Ctrl+F then typing "debian" followed by ticking "Highlight All" option next to it. 

3. All occurrences of the word "Debian" will be colored pink/magenta.

 

(Before replacing: original text says Debian as the name of project and system)

 

4. Click FoxReplace button ->  Replace -> right sidebar will show "FoxReplace". 

 

5. Type "Debian" into Replace and type "GNU/Linux" into With. 

6. Click Replace. 

7. All old text now replaced with new text, in both title and contents. It works! Done. 

 

(After replacing: now GNU/Linux replaces Debian)

****

 

Fun Text Replacing on Your Favorite Webpages 

 

One among purposes of FoxReplace is to do text replacements for fun. What does it mean? This means you can replace any text within your favorite website pages. This does no harm, because the changes only happen on your computer. As an example, let's try to apply the above exercise into Debian official webpage:

1. Visit Debian Trixie Announcement. 

2. Do the above replacement. 

3. All "Debian" will turn "GNU/Linux" on the entire webpages.

 

 

(Automatic text substitution happens on The Debian Project front webpage)

  

4. You can make substitution like this applied to all other websites by going to Options -> Add -> Substitutions -> fill in like the above to the table -> tick check mark to Apply automatic substitution on page load -> Save.

 

(Options page of FoxReplace showing an entry of our example substitution above)

 

5. Imagine fun things you can do with step 1 to 4 to any of your favorite websites. 

 

**** 

 

Advanced Text Replacing with Regex 

 

We present you here an example of advanced text replacing using regular expression (regex). We will automatically remove all numbers, one digit or more, followed by a period and a white space, in the beginning of every line. Think about it if you have a very long list of names with number while you want just the text list and not the numbers.

1. Copy a short numbered list below into Blogger post editor:

1. Apache 2.4.64
2. Bash 5.2.37
3. BIND DNS Server 9.20
4. Cryptsetup 2.7
5. curl/libcurl 8.14.1
6. Emacs 30.1
7. Exim (default email server) 4.98
8. GNUcash 5.10
9. GNU Compiler Collection 14.2
10. GIMP 3.0.4 

2. Open FoxReplace sidebar.

(Before replacing: a sample text) 

 

3. Type "^[0-9]+\.." correctly without quotes into Replace.

4. Click Text option and select Regular Expression. 

5. Empty the With input box. 

 

6. Click Replace. 

7. All occurrences of number in beginning of every line will disappear. Wonderful! Done.  

 

 

(After replacing: resulting text is now clear from unnecessary line numbers) 

 

**** 

 

About FoxReplace 

 

FoxReplace is a Firefox addon that helps the user to substitute text in all web pages, in both editing and non-editing areas, with or without regular expression (regex). The developer of this addon is Marc, the source code is available at GitHub  and it is a free software licensed under GNU GPL. There is no donation opened by the project, but if you want to contribute you can rate it on its official webpage or join the development on GitHub. Its official webpage is at AMO/FoxReplace. 

 ****

 

See Also

 

1. Find and Replace Addon: How to use it on Firefox

2. Edit document using LibreOffice Writer with regex (2020) 

3. Learn GNU sed command lines with regex (2016)

4. Edit text using KDE Kate with regex text substitution (2015) 

 

**** 

References 

 

1. What is regular expression (regex)? By Wikipedia 

2. Official FoxReplace FAQ with beneficial resources about regex 

 

****

---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Transmission is a download and upload manager application or technically called a BitTorrent client preinstalled on Ubuntu. It is one among a few Ubuntu default applications with a longest history and never had been replaced with any other along with Firefox and LibreOffice. In this tutorial, we will learn about using Transmission to download a torrent file from the internet by practices and examples. Now let's get going! 

 

 (Transmission running and showing a progress of downloading a torrent, other finished downloads and its program identity on the second window)

 

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Why BitTorrent?

 

• No server, but Peer To Peer - BitTorrent method is an alternative to standard downloading "click Save As on the web" or also known as HTTP. 

• Very fast - Mostly or always faster than standard downloading.

• Very reliable - When download failed, you only need to repeat from the point where it failed, not repeating back from zero percent again.

• Resumable - Pause a download today, resume it next month or next year is okay with torrents.  

• Automatic checking - When download finished, you can be sure the file is 100% intact.

• Repairing - If a file you got from standard downloading is corrupted, you can repair it by using torrent. 

• Aligned with the community spirit - The free software community (within it there are Ubuntu, Debian and others) always shares ISO images and other large files via torrents. By uploading (seeding) files you downloaded, you are contributing to the whole community and that's a good thing.

• Abundant - Most digital files are available via torrents regardless of copyright and licenses and they can be obtained very easily. Other than GNU/Linux images, there are collections of photos/pictures, movies, audio recordings, books, magazines, software and video games etc.

 

**** 

 

Before Downloading 

 

Please consider things below:

1. In general, files you can download via torrent are very large (usually more than 1GB) except a few ones of them so make sure you have enough free disk space before proceeding.  

2. Beware of downloading (and automatically sharing) files covered with copyright and/or nonfree licenses. These are known to be subject of dispute and enmity among people. You are responsible to your own decisions.

3. Be careful of your internet bandwidth and surrounding. Downloading a torrent can be very fast and resource demanding to your local network. Stop or close Transmission once a download finished, otherwise you will automatically upload same size you download or more unnoticed (unless you decided to contribute to the community by seeding). Limit download speed and decrease peers if you do this on a public place, let's say, like a cafe, otherwise you might disrupt other people using the same network.

 

**** 

 

Let's start the exercise below:  

Introducing A Torrent File

 

Below is an example of two torrent files viewed on Ubuntu. The first one is named mushafabdullahalmatrood_archive.torrent sized around 40KB. This file can be used to download several first chapters of Al Quran recitation in ten MP3 files by total size of 1.6GB. The second one is named ubuntu-24.04.3-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent by total size of around 400KB. This file can be used to download Ubuntu operating system by size of 3GB. Please note that the actual files are typically large, but the torrent files are always small. These are actually just a file containing information pointing to the original files to be downloaded and list of tracker servers will be used to proceed the download. This kind of files are called torrent files or simply torrents.

 

 ****

Get a Torrent File

 

If you don't have a torrent file yet, then you should get it first to proceed. We picked here two examples to exercise: 

1. ubuntu-24.04.3-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent (400KB)

2. mushafabdullahalmatrood_archive.torrent (40KB)   

 

To get torrent number 1, go to Ubuntu Official Website and pick Alternative Downloads, you will find BitTorrent links available there. This torrent file points to a 6.5GB Ubuntu ISO image file. This is also true for any other GNU/Linux operating systems and beyond. 

 

To get torrent number 2, go to this [Ten Chapters of Quran] Abdullah Almatrood web page, and click TORRENT link. This torrent file points to a 1.6GB archive of MP3 files. This is also true to any other millions of downloadable files available on the Internet Archive. 

**** 

Download a Torrent File using Transmission

 

Example 1: Downloading Ubuntu 

 

1. Run Transmission. 

2. Click File -> Open -> Open File will show. 

3. Navigate to your file ubuntu-24.04.3-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent (400KB) -> Open.

4.  Torrent Options will show like the following:

a) the torrent file (ubuntu-24.04.3-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent here)

b) the directory to save the actual file (Downloads here)

c) disk space information (12GB free here)

d) list of actual file will be downloaded (Ubuntu Noble Numbat 6.5GB here, checked)

e) Cancel and Open buttons at the bottom.

 

5. Change the destination directory if you wish (for example, we always save actual ISO files in a secondary hard disk drive).

6. Click Open.  

7. Download will start. 

Special: in torrents, when downloading you will see number of peers and number of trackers. Peers are people who are currently downloading the same file as yours. Trackers are not a central server (unlike in standard HTTP downloads) but servers that track (note, record) peers who have the same files to let you download from them directly. This is a very simplified explanation. To learn more, please read References section below.

8. Once finished, Transmission will color the progress bar green and show a message "Seeding to x of x connected peers". As a result, you got a Ubuntu 24.04.3 image by 6GB size. Done.

 

**** 

 

Example 2: Downloading Al Quran Recitation

 

1. Redo the Example 1 for 2. mushafabdullahalmatrood_archive.torrent (40KB)  

2. Torrent Options will show a slight difference like below:

 

 

Contents of this torrent:

a)  "mushafabdullahalmatrood" directory

b) "001-alfatiha.mp3" (1MB) up to "010-yunus.mp3" (30MB) files.

c)  "001-alfatiha.ogg" up to "010-yunus.ogg" and other types of files.

 

3. Select which one of the files you want to download. For example, picture above showing we only select one file "Al Fatihah MP3" to be downloaded. 

4. Click Open and Transmission will download like explained above. As a result, you got a folder named mushafabdullahalmatrood and in it a file named 001-alfatiha.mp3. Done. 

****

 

Limiting Speed and Peers 

 

1. Right-click a running torrent. 

2. Select Properties -> Options. 

3. Under Speed, tick Limit download speed.

4. Fill in it 100 to limit it by 100 kilobytes per second (KB/s), for example. Please adjust the number wisely. (Note: do the same if you want to limit Upload Speed)

5. Under Peer Connections, change 50 to 3 to limit peers to just three persons, for example. Please adjust the number wisely too. 

 

6. You can limit either one of these two, or both. By doing these, your transfer might become slower, but your burden to the network will become lighter. Done. 

 

**** 

 

Stopping a Torrent

 

1. Select a running torrent, either it is downloading or uploading (seeding).

2. Click Pause button. 

3. Torrent transfer is stopped until Start button clicked. Done.  

 

**** 

 

Delete a Torrent

 

1. Right-click a torrent, whether it is running or already stopped.

2. Remove Torrent (Delete). 

4. A message window will show a question "Remove torrent?"

5. Click Remove once again.

6. Torrent removed from Transmission. However, this only deletes the entry, while the saved folder and file are safe and not deleted. Usually, this does not free much disk space.

7. Alternatively, to delete a torrent along with its files, select Delete Files and Remove (Shift+Delete) instead in step 1. Usually, this frees much disk space.

 

**** 

 

Viewing Peers

 

As mentioned above, Peers are People who are currently downloading (or uploading) the same files as yours. You can view list of them like the following.

1. Right-click a running torrent. 

2. Select Properties -> Peers. 

3. Properties window will show a detailed list of peers of selected torrent:

a) Up: whether peer is doing upload or not to you.

b) Down: whether peer is doing download or not to you.

c) %: percentage of data transfer by this peer.

d) Flags: particular information about methods being used by this peer.

e) Address: IPv6 or IPv4 address of this peer. 

f) Client: software being used by this peer to run this torrent. Examples here include Transmission, Deluge and qBitTorrent. 

4. Close Properties window. Done.  

 

****

 

Viewing Trackers 

 

Now, how does Transmission find peers? Because there are trackers, special servers on the internet helping us find peers* so we can download the file directly from those peers simultaneously. To view trackers:

1. Right-click a running torrent. 

2. Select Properties -> Trackers. 

3. Properties window will show a detailed list of trackers of selected torrent:

 

 

a) torrent.ubuntu.com is a tracker server provided by The Ubuntu Project for humanity.

b) ipv6.torrent.ubuntu.com is the same but provided for IPv6 users worldwide. 

c) First tracker gave us 6 peers, while second one gave us 1 peer. 

d) Add, Edit, Remove buttons are useful. Trackers can be added to help ourselves find more trackers (usually to increase peers that in turn can increase download speed) or remove unused one.

There are many other tracker servers in the world. 

 

*) Note: aside from an ability called DHT to do that even without trackers.

 

**** 

About Transmission

 

Transmission is a BitTorrent client software that is free software (GNU GPL licensed) and has a long history being chosen and trusted as Ubuntu  default download manager. Transmission main purpose is for file sharing, for both peer to peer (P2P) file upload and download via an internet protocol called BitTorrent, and thanks to that, Transmission can be used to download (and upload) in high speed large files like collections of audio recordings, videos, digital books, magazine, documents, photos, software etc. Technically, Transmission is written in C++ with two choices of user interface, GTK and Qt, developed in public at GitHub by the community who invites everyone to join in. Its development is funded by donation and if you want to donate to the project, you can send it to the link in the References section.

 

**** 

 

See Also

 

1. How To Download Ubuntu in Step by Step (Featuring Transmission)

2. History of The Ubuntu Buzz Articles under the tag "Transmission"

 

****

 

References

 

1. Transmission's Official Website

2. Donate to Transmission Project 

3. Transmission at Wikipedia

4.  Source Code Development Central at GitHub

5. What is BitTorrent? By Wikipedia 

6. What is Peer 2 Peer (P2P)? By Wikipedia 

 

****

---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Elisa is Kubuntu default audio player. In Kubuntu history, Elisa replaces the former players namely Cantata and Amarok. Elisa is a part of KDE Applications and well integrated to the KDE Plasma Desktop. Speaking about its appearance, its logo represents a black-green tape cassette and its user interface reminds us to the old three-columns style Amarok. Speaking about its technical aspects, it is written in C++ with Qt Framework, just like any standard Kubuntu application, developed in public by the KDE community. Just like what we have discussed at the previous episode, Dolphin File Manager, we will also explain Elisa in details with screenshots and further references. We hope this helps every Kubuntu users. Now let's start reading!

 

 (Elisa Music Player playing a playlist of few audio recording from American English)

 

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<- Discover (App Store) | Index | Emoji Selector -> 

 

Logo

Screenshots

 

Click to enlarge picture. 

 

(a)
(b)
(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Where:

(a) Elisa default user interface.

(b) Tracks category showing some audio found in the Music directory, imported automatically.

(c) Elisa plays an audio from the playlist.

(d) Elisa shows contents of the Music file directory. Some MP3 files visible there.

(e) Elisa plays an online radio streaming or podcast from British Council.

(f) About Elisa window showing some information such as description, copyright/licensing and initial release year.

 

**** 

Description

Elisa is the default audio and music player on Kubuntu. In the past, this position was held by Cantata and Amarok. Elisa is part of KDE Applications in the same way Dolphin and Discover are. Elisa's features include a simple and easy to use interface, standard audio playback (play, pause, loop, random, seek) and custom playlists as well as abilities to arrange audios based on Albums, Artists, Files etc. It is also capable to play online radio streamings. It also comes with a high quality user manual.

(Elisa playing an audio recording of American English)

****

Purposes

Kubuntu users use Elisa to:

1. Play audio and music, like MP3 and OGG files, among others.

2. Play a playlist of several audio tracks in normal, loop or random order.

3. Play an online radio or podcast, some are already available built-in.

3. Organize their audio collection based on Recently Played or other categories.

4. Study a field of knowledge through audio records, such as language and religion. For example, we Muslims listen to Al Qur'an.

and many more!

****

How to run Elisa application

 

From the application launcher: 

1. Click Kubuntu logo. 

2. Type "elisa" and click Elisa icon. 

3. Elisa runs. Done. 

 

(Elisa Music Player appears on the launcher, mouse pointer points to it)

From Dolphin file manager:

1. Navigate to a directory containing an audio file e.g. MP3 or OGG. 

2. Right-click the audio file -> Open With -> Elisa. 

3. Elisa runs and plays the audio. Done. 

(A portion of screenshot showing an action of right-click over an MP3 file -> Open With -> Elisa on Dolphin )

****

 

How to play audio with Elisa

 

1. Run Elisa. 

2.  Select Files category from the left panel.

3. Navigate to a directory containing audio files e.g. MP3 or OGG. 

4. Click the black triangle "Play" on the top toolbar.

5. All audio files will move to playlist and the first one will play. Done. 

6. Alternatively, do "From Dolphin file manager" section above if you prefer not to open files directly from Elisa. 

 

(Elisa with Files category selected, showing a few MP3 files and mouse pointer points over "Play now" button)

****

Commands and Integration with Kubuntu Desktop

 

To run Elisa from command line, run Konsole then type this followed by Enter:

$ elisa

Elisa appears as an "Open With" option for every audio file on Dolphin File Manager.

Elisa shows its playback indicator and control buttons (pause, next, previous) when mouse pointer points over its icon on panel.

Elisa is well-integrated to KDE Plasma Desktop. When playing, a small play button will appear on the system tray near the clock widget. Click it to show more info about what is playing now. 

Elisa icon does not replace default audio icon on Dolphin. Instead, all audio files will look as a generic icon (a CD cover with a music symbol) on Dolphin. This behavior is different to many Microsoft Windows users' experience where all audio files might look as Winamp icon for example. See How to play audio section above.

****

Supported Formats

• mp3

• ogg

• flac

• wav

• m3u

• and many more.
  

****

Location on the Screen and System

• Elisa is located at the application launcher. 

• Elisa can be located at the desktop, if user moves it out from the launcher.

• Elisa, while playing, will show as a task between running tasks on the panel.

• Elisa can be found on Discover as an installed application and is ready to manage.

****

Documentation and User Manual for Elisa

Press F1 on Elisa to show the User Manual. It covers a few chapters and pictures of how to use Elisa as well as information about its author and licensing.

 (Elisa Handbook showing its explanation of the user interface)

****

Similar Programs

 

Amarok - the oldest audio player default to Kubuntu in the past. Replaced by Cantata.

Cantata - the audio player of Kubuntu, now replaced by Elisa. The development is discontinued.

Rhythmbox - the audio player default to Ubuntu GNOME. 

****

Contributing to Elisa

Elisa is part of KDE so if you want to contribute, you can do it like with any other KDE Applications. You can help with coding (if you know programming), donating, debugging, designing, translating to your language, etc. Technically, Elisa is written in C++ combined with Qt and KDE Frameworks and publicly developed together at KDE Gitlab Server. So if you want to get involved, click the links under References section below. Your contribution will be very useful to the whole community especially GNU/Linux and KDE users.  

 (Web browser showing KDE Invent website where Elisa source code develoment is happening and done by a friendly community everyone can join)

****

See Also

Setup Cantata Music Player (2018) -  a chapter in our long review article about Kubuntu Bionic Beaver.

Setup Amarok Audio Player (2024) - it is continuing development! 

****

In This Series

List of Kubuntu (KDE) Default Applications and Their Purposes

<- Go back to Discover

<- Go back to Ark

-> Go next to Emoji Selector

References

 

Elisa Official Webpage

Elisa Source Code Development at KDE Invent

KDE Donation Webpage

KDE Bug Tracker Webpage

KDE Get Involved Webpage   ****

---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

This is the second compilation of our Ubuntu 24.04 Noble Numbat tutorials which have been published here at The Ubuntu Buzz since 2024. In last compilation, we talked about downloading Ubuntu up to selecting our repository server among others. In this episode, we will remind you about CHM ebooks, AppImages, Telegram Desktop as well as the classic but powerful Synaptic Package Manager with a short review for each. We hope this compilation series will be useful to you and everyone. This marks our last article of that year in the month May. Please enjoy!

 

(Telegram Desktop running peacefully showing KDE Channel on Ubuntu Noble)

 

Subscribe to UbuntuBuzz Telegram Channel to get article updates.

 

<- Go back to "Compilation Part I"

In this compilation:

1. How To Read CHM E-Books

2. How To Run AppImages with Examples

3. How To Install Telegram Desktop - The New Era of Messaging

4. How To Install Synaptic - The Classic but More Detailed Graphical Package Manager 

5. How To Use Synaptic to Search, View, Install, Remove, Update Apps on Ubuntu

 

**** 

How To Read CHM (Compiled HTML) eBooks

Let us introduce you xCHM: a free software for viewing Compiled HTML aka CHM electronic books. If you have a file with a .chm format, you can view its content with it. This beneficial and useful is available on Ubuntu 24.04. 

 

 

How To Run AppImages

AppImage is an executable software format for GNU/Linux (similar to EXE is an executable format for Microsoft Windows) which fortunately today got many support from free software developers around GNU/Linux community. For example, today almost all of our daily applications are already available in AppImage format such as GIMP (recently), Inkscape, and LibreOffice among many others (and still increasing!). This means we can, let's say, visit GIMP official website to download its AppImage file then run it on Ubuntu in an instant way similar to those applications on Windows or macOS. 

 

 

Telegram Desktop

This will help you install the full-featured, fast messenger Telegram Desktop. Enjoy the new era of messaging on Ubuntu! 

Synaptic Package Manager

Once upon a time, Ubuntu had a very powerful, highly-detailed graphical package manager called Synaptic as one of its preinstalled applications. Its purpose is to search, view categorized & detailed info, install, reinstall, remove, update packages and the whole system on Ubuntu. It was able to show all Ubuntu packages at once, both installed and not, with more detailed info or specific filters can be applied/viewed simply by near clicks. However, Synaptic had been removed from Ubuntu preinstalled in favor of App Store. To get Synaptic back, we can install it again. 

 

Using Synaptic: Install, Remove and Update Your Applications with More Details

In this tutorial, we explain how you can use Synaptic to do package management in a short step by step manner with practical examples and exercises. This marks the end of Part II. Please go read it!   

 

 

 **** 

<- Go back to "Compilation Part I"

 

We wish you the best for your computing with Ubuntu.   

---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Characters or GNOME Characters (not to be confused with Gucharmap) is Ubuntu default special character picker application. Speaking about its daily uses, you can use it to insert an emoji to your group chat text, or your national flag to your document just to note a few examples. Speaking about its technical aspects, it is written in C and GTK, developed in public by the GNOME community. And now we will learn more about it and a little bit about how to use it in real life. Let's start reading and enjoy!

 

Subscribe to UbuntuBuzz Telegram Channel to get article updates.

 

Logo

Screenshots

 

Click to enlarge picture. 

 

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Where:

(a) Characters showing a lot of yellow smileys.

(b) Characters showing Food and Drink category with a lot of fruits and breads visible.

(c) Characters showing Objects category with various clothes and glasses visible among others.

(d) Characters showing Flags category with Australia, Brazil and Canada showing among others.

(e) Characters showing Symbols category with various road signs visible among others.

(f) Characters showing Watermelon symbol, Copy button and its Unicode number.

 

*****

 

Description

Characters (GNOME Characters) is the default special character and emoji picker application on Ubuntu. The characters here come from Unicode, the standard followed by all operating systems to write almost all humanity writing scripts other than English/Latin, and they are displayed by currently used system font (on Ubuntu, the font is also called Ubuntu). In practice, user can use it to insert cute emoticons in their group chat, make some creative writings in their document, as well as simply showing some set of characters, for instance, a table of Japanese Hiragana or Arabic Hija'iy.  

 

****

Purposes

1. Show special characters mostly not found on English keyboard. For example:

• a. Show Chinese, Japanese, Korean (CJK) characters.
• b. Show Javanese, Buginese and Balinese (Traditional Indonesian) characters.
• c. Show full tables of Hiragana, Katakana and Arabic Hija'iy characters. And many more.
• d. Search the above by description. 

2. Show emojis. 

3. Insert a special character or emoji into a text input, document or chat.
 

(Table of Javanese characters known as "Hanacaraka")
 

****

 

How To Run Characters

 

1. Click Ubuntu menu button.

2. Type "characters".

3. Click Characters logo. 

4. Characters runs.

 

****

 

How To Use Characters

There are unlimited ways in using Characters. For that reason, we picked only three examples as shown below: 

To show a table of characters:

1. Run Characters.

2. Click search -> type hiragana.

3. Characters will show a full table of Japanese hiragana characters.

4. Repeat 1-3 for any other writing script e.g. Arabic or Hangul (Korean).  

 

 (Table of Japanese Hiragana) 

 

To insert a flag into text: 

1. Run Characters. 

2. Select Flags category. 

3. Select a flag e.g. Indonesia > Copy Character. 

4. Paste into your text. Done. 

5. Repeat 1-5 for any other flag.

 

To insert a cute picture into text: 

1. Run Characters. 

2. Search for something you want e.g. airplane or mountain. 

3. Click the picture > Copy Character. 

4. Paste into your text. Done. 

5. Repeat 1-5 for any other iconic picture e.g. house or circus, among so many others.  

 

****

Commands and Integration with Ubuntu Desktop

 

Characters can be launched via command line:

$ gnome-characters

 
When running, Characters window can be arranged side by side with other application window e.g. a text editor or group chat.

 

When running, Characters window can also be made to be Always on Top.

 

****

Location on the Screen and System

Characters can be found on the applications menu.

Characters can also be found on App Center under Manage > Installed section.

 ****

Documentation and User Manual for Characters

There is no User Manual or Documentation for Characters.

There is no F1 key to open the Help document like usual either. 

****

Similar Programs

KDE Emoji Selector - the default emoji program on Kubuntu.

 

****

Contributing to GNOME Characters

Characters is part of GNOME. So, you can contribute to Characters just like how you contribute to other GNOME applications. You can do many things to participate such as make a donation to help fund the project, or help translate Characters to your language, or if you are a programmer, help improving its source code, or simply reporting a bug to the project is considered a contribution and many more. Programmatically, Characters is written in C language with GTK libraries by using (optionally) GNOME Builder code editor. Finally, your contribution to Characters will benefit GNOME, Ubuntu and other GNU/Linux projects as well. To start participating, feel free to see Characters's Official Webpage from References section below. 

****

References

 

Unicode (Wikipedia)

GNOME Characters official webpage

Get Involved to GNOME Characters Project

Donate to The GNOME Project

 

****

 

In This Series

<- "Camera"

<- "Calendar (Your Time and Schedule Manager)"

 <- "List of All Ubuntu 24.04 Default Applications"

-> "Disks (GNOME Disk Utility)"

-> "Disk Usage Analyzer (Baobab)"

- > "Document Viewer"

****

---

This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Do you want to upgrade Ubuntu Noble Numbat from 24.04 to 24.04.1 or later? If so, then that means you are looking for how to upgrade Ubuntu system to a point release. The term "Point Release" to Ubuntu users is more or less similar to "Service Pack" known to Microsoft Windows users which is a whole system upgrade (bug fixes and improvements) within current release major version. That means, in this concept, to us Ubuntu 24.04.3 (Point Three) is more or less similar to Windows XP SP3. This tutorial will explain the procedures with an example of upgrading Ubuntu Noble from fresh install to Point Three.

 

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Preparations 

 

1. Make sure you have enough time and free disk space.

You will need to attend in front of your screen for about 2 hours (time needed depends on your system). To check up your disk space, run Terminal from Ubuntu menu and type this command line:

$ df -h /

If you have 10GB or more free disk space (in our test, we have more than 15GB), you are ready to upgrade. Beware of running out of disk space because you might break your system if you do. 

 

2. Make sure you have a good internet access (good speed, good data allowance, good stability).

For example, we use a broadband 5MB/s unlimited internet access at home (MyRepublic ISP, Indonesia) to do this upgrade process and we did it successfully. 

 

3. Make sure you have a stable electricity.  

You will not want the upgrade process to abort in the middle (that might leads to breaking your system). 

 

**** 

 

How To Upgrade

 

All command lines are done using Terminal application you can run from Ubuntu menu.

 

1. Do the first command: 

$ sudo apt-get update

Explanation: this command line will refresh Ubuntu to know the latest changes available in the Ubuntu repository to make the system ready to upgrade. 

 

2. Do the second command:

$ sudo apt-get upgrade

Explanation: this command line will actually do the upgrade process. That means, downloading latest version of every single package of thousands of packages installed on your Ubuntu version and installing them one by one in a correct and orderly way replacing the old ones. In our test, this took 1000MB (1GB) of software packages and 100MB disk space. 

 

3. Do the third command:

$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade 

Explanation: this command line will do the same with the second command. The difference is, the second command does nothing except installing (adding) packages while this third command will also remove (deleting) packages when needed i.e. it is an automatic package conflicts solver. In our test, this took about 260MB of download size and 400MB of disk space. 

 

4. If prompted to reboot, accept it by clicking Restart Now. Your computer will reboot.

 

5. Login to Ubuntu and check current system point release. Upgrading finished successfully. Done. 

 

**** 

Important Information

 

1. You might need to repeat an upgrade command several times (when somehow an error occurred) as we did. This is fine.

2. You can use -V option (as we always do) in both upgrade commands to show in details every single one of packages being upgraded from what version to what version.

3. You can use $ sudo apt-get clean to empty the APT cache directory to free some disk space.

 

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References

 

1. Ubuntu 24.04 Noble Numbat Release Notes 

2. Repositories

3. SoftwareManagement

4. Repositories/Ubuntu

5. Upgrades

6. https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases

7. Repositories/CommandLine

8. EOLUpgrades 

9. AptGet/CommandLinePackageManagement 

 

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This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Find and Replace for Text Editing (or simply Find and Replace) is a Firefox addon to do what its name says by Blake Altice (originally written by Dalimil Hajek). It has capabilities to find text based on regular expression (regex) as well as simple plain text. It also has other features such as Favorites, History, Templates and Help coming as a full package. Now we want to explore it with examples we found to do simple text replacements. Enjoy!

 

 

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Usage Examples

 

We found that Find and Replace works in these examples:  

Web email editing: This includes your webmail Gmail, Yahoo!, Mailo, Protonmail etc.

Wikipedia editing: This includes Wikipedia as well as other wiki websites. 

WordPress editing: This includes WordPress but excludes Blogspot. 

GitHub and Comments editing: This includes many plain-text comment editors available on almost all websites nowadays including Issues in code forge websites such as Codeberg, Launchpad, GitLab alike. 

Pastebin and online text editors: this includes Pastebin alike as well as other web-based text editors such as  Online Pad.

Etherpad and collaborative text editors:  this includes Etherpad (with some notes below) and alike.

 

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How To Install Find and Replace

 

On Ubuntu version 24.04 with Mozilla Firefox version 142 and addon version 1.3.18:  

1. Go to Mozilla Addons Org website.

2. Search for "find and replace".

3. Select and install Find and Replace by Blake Altice.

If you don't have an idea on these, please refer to our tutorial on installing a Firefox addon. 

 

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How To Find and Replace Some Text (Wikipedia)

 

The best way to know Find and Replace features is to try it out editing a Wikipedia page without saving it. We picked here Debian page. The goal is to replace the phrase "Linux distribution" to "GNU/Linux distribution". 

1. Visit https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian.

2. Click Edit. 

3. Click within the text editor. 

4. Click Find and Replace logo or press Ctrl+Shift+F to show its user interface.

5. Type "Linux distribution" in the first text box to find all matches (will be colored in orange and blue).

6. Type "GNU/Linux distribution" in the second one.  

7. Click Replace All to replace them all at once, or, click Replace to replace them one by one.  Done.

 

  

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Web email example

 

We picked Mailo Web Email here and copied Debian 13 "Trixie" release announcement [1] as the text to replace. No extra tricks needed. It works.

 

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WordPress example

 

We can confirm that Find and Replace works on both Classic and the modern Block Editors. We used Debian Trixie announcement [1] again here. (Note: unfortunately, we can also confirm that it doesn't work with Blogspot at all). It works!

 

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Comments example

 

We picked WordPress Comments section here. It works like in the post editor. It works!

 

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Online text editor example

 

We have tried text editors based on TinyMCE (the one everyone knows as WordPress Classic Editor) as well as others which are simple enough to edit plain text (meaning, less JavaScript). We used Debian Trixie announcement [1] again here. It works with TinyMCE!

 

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Pastebin example

 

We tried out Pastebin and it is a success for Find and Replace.  We used Debian Trixie announcement [1] again here. It works.

 

 

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Etherpad example 

 

It almost does not work on Etherpad until we found a little "trick" to make it work. It might be not comfortable for most users. 

The trick is: 

1. Do the steps above until step number 5. 

2. Watch the matching colors appearing, they will quickly disappear.

3. Click either one of buttons under two input boxes (e.g. Match Case or Advanced Options).

4. Click Replace or Replace All as long as all matching colors are still appearing.

5. Do steps number 3 and 4 quickly, otherwise one or some matches will not be replaced. Done. 

 

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GitHub example

 

We picked GitHub here as an example and this should also works on other web code forges Launchpad, GitLab, Codeberg (Forgejo), Sourceforge etc. What is this? This is the place where people come to develop software together and people who found an issue report that issue to the developers. 

 

 

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Forum example

 

We picked Ubuntu Forum (discourse.ubuntu.com) here to test it out. It works.

 

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Caveats

 

1. We can confirm that it does not work with Blogspot.

2. It does not work on W3Schools text editor.

3. It does not work on Hedgedoc markdown editor (formerly CodiMD).

4. It does not work on CryptPad text editor as well as its OnlyOffice. 

 

We hope next versions of Find and Replace will fix these issues.  Thank you Blake Altice and Dalimil Hajek.

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See Also

 

1. Find and Replace with Formatting on LibreOffice Writer.

2. A Comprehensive Guides to Learn Ubuntu from the Basics.

 

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About Find and Replace

 

Find and Replace is a Firefox addon that helps the user to find a certain text in a text editing area in the browser, and replace that text with other text as the user wishes, with or without regular expression (regex). The original developer of this addon is Dalimil Hajek, the source code is available at GitHub, and he wrote his 2018 dissertation report at University of Edinburgh based on it. However, the repository is now marked as "archived" and the project has been taken over by other developers (but we cannot confirm who were they it yet). On the Mozilla Addons page, the name of the developer is now Blake Altice (but we also cannot make sure who is he as the link is still pointed to Dalimil Hajek) and the license is mentioned as Mozilla Public License. Last but not the least, the donation to this project can still be sent to Dalimil Hajek.

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References 

 

1. Debian 13 GNU/Linux "Trixie" Release Announcement.

2. Find and Replace Dissertation University of Edinburgh 2018 by the original developer. [PDF]

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This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Debian 13 "Trixie" GNU/Linux operating system is finally released on Saturday,  9 August 2025. This is a Long Term Support (LTS) release with five years of support until 2030 and has been developed for two years since the previous release. It includes full and complete set of tens of thousands of software packages. Trixie is available for almost all types of computer available in the world and we can download it for desktop and laptop for PC 64-bit (also known as amd64) and many other computer architectures (except now Debian no longer supports PC 32-bit aka i386) as detailed below plus further instructions. Let's download Debian!

 

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About Debian 13

Debian GNU/Linux 13 is the thirtieth stable release of the universal operating system Debian in 2025 as a successor to version 12 "Bookworm" released back in 2023. It is a computer operating system that is the basic software which the purpose is the same as Microsoft Windows, MacOS, and Android to each respective devices. Its official website is https://www.debian.org and official download page is Getting Debian. It is available in almost all computer architectures exist in the world namely PC 64-bit, PC 32-bit (for a very long time until being deprecated now), ARM32, ARM64, MIPS, PPC, and S390X. In the real world, these architecture supports mean Debian can run on all kinds of computer from Raspberry Pi, smartphone, PC and laptop, to server, mainframe and even supercomputer. However, in this article, only PC 64-bit versions covered.

Debian 13 DVD Full Edition

To download, click one link below and Save.

For 64-bit computers:

For 32-bit computers:
*Not Longer Available*

Debian 13 Live Desktop Flavors

To download, click one link and Save.

For 64 bit computers:

 

For 32 bit computers:

Not available anymore. Our advice: you can still use Debian 12 "Bookworm" (the previous release aka oldstable) by using its DVD i386.

Torrents

Downloading Debian 13 via torrent is very recommended as it is faster and more reliable to the users and also in many ways helping the community. To download a torrent, follow the instructions in the next section. *No i386 DVD anymore*

Torrents for Debian Full DVD:

debian-13.0.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso.torrent

 

Torrents for Debian Live 64-bit:

debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-cinnamon.iso.torrent 

debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-debian-junior.iso.torrent

debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-gnome.iso.torrent

debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-kde.iso.torrent 

debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-lxde.iso.torrent

debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-lxqt.iso.torrent 

debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-mate.iso.torrent

debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-standard.iso.torrent

debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-xfce.iso.torrent

Torrents for Debian Live 32-bit:

Not available anymore. Our advice: you can still use Debian 12 "Bookworm" (the previous release aka oldstable) DVD i386. 

 

Checksums

You should make sure (verify that) every file you downloaded from the above matched with the official checksums by SHA256SUM below. If the file's checksum matched with the original checksum, then the file is valid and safe to use -- otherwise the file is corrupted and you might need to redownload it. Follow this guide to do verification.

c998fe73ca8dbce235f189a2a92873bf0a8f70b0982f361629a18a0f38b6fe92  debian-13.0.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso
a1df7766750debfb3cf175b50826d0d4799825d5ac23af1f60f55cc0010e80f5  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-cinnamon.iso.torrent
0b3124546bf8def757e99387fb55baf911f295f8d6b75678b68eec060881005a  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-debian-junior.iso.torrent
ff2f8b4e174cf0468fc5094d933e25fbc2b6c06acbc59f77b4b2362a977f915d  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-gnome.iso.torrent
f0baf15ffd3d79ad787319f4a5c7b48a9b1d7efb032ee3d751e9dd39a6dad926  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-kde.iso.torrent
c26b0688b6480c67dafb489f46beb13a4a1c07f0e578218e0945aab9c13f319b  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-lxde.iso.torrent
86291d2f5577ec7b3d0a51988902372f099c0ebce7fec0283e36e2d191dc1f8f  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-lxqt.iso.torrent
889f94566063d5cc90d0a75060fa573def7c6e1e7e46c209a5577de942b009f2  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-mate.iso.torrent
c4ea4349f38a86f3b825bc7fdd6b72eb704f923557dd4e58e0a5822bed0b6414  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-standard.iso.torrent
bd954e11e553491e5ac32edb448c806e4a9d91c0809fed291284c06e30379a91  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-xfce.iso.torrent
5e917e3662383876db7cb5cf4252636247c05816fa78381f847ef19a3ef04053  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-cinnamon.iso
666f770bde8ed2bd865bcc7c0e6b079d1136d8a75c9bd4e3909ed5b16d1742ec  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-debian-junior.iso
d4fc67981fd881eb6b843f05458ec1e69ec69ba3a15ea03365c0ab6df470fec1  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-gnome.iso
099a6c13ed88a736d174f9641670000bb4a0c57ca8d0a3c49270be9751639309  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-kde.iso
3d317d40cdfbedcb05b61ec26450bec4792176fe861dcb71ce8c574c87aa7b70  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-lxde.iso
43b8bf44a9b9b80f0f240e1a07fff9be97f97b6763842791a374d75c9de6c763  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-lxqt.iso
0e7140b7cde7484def0f02de40b1583cd8ea3e28f8d0e43a4eea0d1d4c49106e  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-mate.iso
70b3832dae13a3fc9f89ec427a3f329136af6a304e79a7fb9e21c4fed9a873a8  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-standard.iso
be9efe8414d37031f3bdd312220b2a49f45aa16b6c8c53d4d6fdd0077183be02  debian-live-13.0.0-amd64-xfce.iso

 

How To Torrent

To download Debian 13 via BitTorrent way (an alternative method to download files) you need program like Transmission, KTorrent or uTorrent then do these:

1) Download a torrent file from the above list.
2) You got a small sized file with .iso.torrent extension to its name.
3) Double click the file.
4) Your torrent program will open.
5) Start downloading the actual file of Debian 13 e.g. by 4GB size.
 

How To Verify Downloaded File

Your downloaded file of Debian 13 should have exactly the same corresponding SHA256SUM value compared to the collection of checksums above. Read this guide to verify.

How To Make Debian Bootable USB

Once downloaded, you can make bootable a USB flash drive to install Debian 13 to your computer and you can carry it with you to install Debian everywhere. Read this guide to make it.

 

Contributing to Debian Project

 

We strongly believe everyone wants to give back to the Debian Project including all dear readers. So, the easiest way everyone to contribute to Debian can do for a starter is to simply download Debian via the BitTorrent link as mentioned above. This will help Debian to ease the load of the community server and at the same time propagate Debian to as many users as possible. More than that, there are surely many ways to get involved in the Debian project including donating, programming, packaging, bug reporting, documenting, translating etc. If you are interested, feel free to visit their Get Involved as well as Donations/Sponsorship web pages. 

References
In the future, the download links will change, older ones will no longer be available anymore and you might want to read these references to get Debian 13.

- Announcement - Announcement (Mailing List) 

- Release Notes (64-bit edition)

- Download Page (All)

- Download Page (DVD)

- Download Page (Live)

- Download Page (Torrents)

- Mirrors  
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This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.
  

This listing collects desktop notes applications including sticky notes that we recommend for Ubuntu 24.04 Noble Numbat. We included here KNotes, which are well-known and full-featured, and also Affiche.app which just works but less-known, among others in order to promote them to more users (and open the opportunity for more people to get involved in the project). All applications are available in the official repository and no third-party sources required. Now, let's start exploring them!

  

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Table of Contents

 

• Affiche.app
• Gnote
• Knotes
• GNOME Notes (Bijiben)
• XFCE4 Notes
• Rhinote
• Tomboy NG
• Zim Desktop Wiki 

 

Affiche.app

 

Affiche.app is a note taking application from GNUStep. Once installed, you run the program by a special command line $ openapp Affiche.app (notice that it is case-sensitive) and it will run. It works fine on Ubuntu GNOME the same way any other GNUStep application works.  Official website. 

 

New Knowledge!

For your information, GNUStep is "another world" of desktop environment to both user and developer on GNU/Linux platform, because GNUStep is (in programming terms) a free software implementation of Apple NextStep (OpenStep/Cocoa) libraries, the original graphical user interface libraries of Mac OS X. 

 

Gnote

 

Gnote (not to be confused with GNOME Notes) is one of two successors to the original GNOME notes taking application called Tomboy which is now discontinued. The difference is that Gnote is written in C++ while Tomboy is written in C# (with Mono Framework). Features including basic note taking and linking between notes. Unique part of it is, among others, it does not appear as sticky notes but more of plain text editor. Official website. 

 

GNOME Notes 

Warning! It does not work on Ubuntu 24.04 and we have already filed a bug report.

Notes (formerly Bijiben, first released 2012) is a sticky note application from GNOME, the desktop environment technology that builds Ubuntu. Features including basic note taking as well as ability to read notes created by other GNOME note taking application. However, when we run it, the window appears but when we want to create one, the application crashes and this is an already-known case (see bug report above). We hope this issue will be fixed soon. Official webpage.

 

KNotes

 

KNotes is a sticky note application from KDE, the desktop environment technology that builds Kubuntu. KNotes, even though it is a KDE application, can be installed and run on Ubuntu GNOME just fine. Once started, it will show on the top panel (system tray). On first launch, you will be asked about which folder to save the notes, then under "Notes" create a new folder named "KNotes" then below it make sure the selected folder is pointing to "Notes/KNotes". Use "Show All Notes" to view notes you have made.  Features including basic note taking, basic text formatting, and colors. Its looks resemble real sticky notes. Official website.

 

Rhinote 

 

Rhinote is a small but fast, handy, keyboard-friendly program that provides virtual sticky notes. It is simple enough to run as a small window without any menu or toolbar, without system tray functionality too. Because it is designed to hold down quickly your temporary text whenever you need, it does not automatically save your notes so when it is closed, all unsaved text will lose. To use it, one beautiful advice is to press Ctrl+H to show its list of commands useful for you. Official website.

Tomboy NG 

 

Tomboy NG (New Generation) is the successor to the classic Tomboy Notes other than Gnote. Speaking about comparison, while Gnote is written in C++, Tomboy NG is written in Pascal programming language instead. Features including basic note taking, linking between notes, text formatting, menu, system tray icon, even exporting as PDF and many others. It works well! Official website (GitHub). 

 

 

XFCE4 Notes 

Warning! It crashes on Ubuntu 24.04 and we also have filed a bug report.

 

Xfce4 Notes is a sticky note application from Xfce, the desktop environment technology that builds Xubuntu. It is simple enough to give a yellow note on desktop with icon on its top-left corner as a clickable menu to access more functionalities. However, unfortunately we found it crashes when running for a while so we lost all text written on it every time we started it. We reported it to Ubuntu Developers (see above) and we hoped that this issue will be solved soon. Official webpage. 

 

 

Xpad

 

Xpad is a simple sticky notes application from GNOME (not to be confused with XApps from The Linux Mint Project) written in its standard language C/GTK+. It works with its basic note taking features, basic text formatting, color scheme and configurations. Official webpage.

 

Zim

 

Zim is a note taking application in Wiki style and powered with its own web server. Meaning, you can create memos just fine but as an addition, you can make your memos interlinked with each others and you can browse it as a local website using your web browser. To try it out, simply open the Help which also written in Zim own style and go to Tools -> Start web server -> Start. Interesting, isn't it? Features including basic note taking, text formatting, inserting images, using templates and is extensible via plugins. Official website. 

 

 

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See Also

Free Software Desktop Systems, this catalog explains briefly the desktop technologies behind GNU/Linux operating systems especially the Ubuntu family like Kubuntu (KDE), Xubuntu (Xfce), Lubuntu (LXDE) and so on.

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This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.