Musings, Rants and Ponderings Of A DB Architect

 If you have been paying attention, you have noticed RAM prices are out of control

Take a look at this order I placed on July 20th, so 4.5 months ago

I paid $168.99 for 64GB of RAM. Four weeks ago, it was $297.99 so almost double

What is it today? Check it out, here is a link to Amazon so you can see the current price  https://amzn.to/43irnfi

Today, this is what is listed as the price

That's $537!!! That's more than triple, is that not insane??

So what happened? 

On October 1st OpenAI signed two simultaneous deals with Samsung and SK Hynix for 40% of the worlds DRAM supply... the shock wasn’t that OpenAI made a big deal, no, it was that they made two massive deals this big, at the same time, with Samsung and SK Hynix simultaneously! In fact, according to our sources - both companies had no idea how big each other's deal was, nor how close to simultaneous they were. And this secrecy mattered. It mattered a lot.

Had Samsung known SK Hynix was about to commit a similar chunk of supply — or vice-versa — the pricing and terms would have likely been different

Read the whole thing here https://www.mooreslawisdead.com/post/sam-altman-s-dirty-dram-deal

The good thing for me was that I sold the 32 GB stick I swapped out for the 62 GB for about the same price that I paid for the 32 GB  :-)

Back to current times: If you check the layoffs.fyi site, you can see a lot of layoffs in Tech and Federal Government

Here is an example

Customize your resume and cover letter for each job. Highlight the skills and experience that match the job description exactly. Use keywords from the job posting: many companies use automated systems that screen for them.

Ensure your LinkedIn profile is up to date and reflects your current skills, accomplishments, and job goals. Recruiters often search LinkedIn before reaching out. Use a professional photo, write a compelling summary, and showcase measurable achievements.

Reach out to people in your industry: friends, alumni, or professionals on LinkedIn. Ask for informational interviews or referrals. A warm introduction often leads to more interviews than cold applications. Ask for feedback about your resume to these people as well as endorsements on LinkedIn

Jobs often receive the most attention in the first few days after posting. Apply early, and focus on roles you’re genuinely qualified for. Quality over quantity improves your chances of standing out.

After applying, follow up with a short, professional message to the recruiter or hiring manager if you can find their contact. Reaffirm your interest and briefly restate why you’re a strong fit.

If you are 55 or over, do you know about the Rule Of 55?

Ageism is a thing, companies might say you are overqualified or use some other excuse not to hire someone who is older.  For those that are 55 or older, keep reading. 

The Rule of 55 is an IRS provision that allows individuals to withdraw funds from their 401(k) or 403(b) without the usual 10% early withdrawal penalty if they leave their job in or after the year they turn 55. This rule applies only to the retirement account from the employer they just left, not IRAs or accounts from previous jobs. It’s designed to offer more flexibility for those who retire or are laid off early. While the penalty is waived, regular income taxes still apply to the withdrawals. 

See more here at the IRS site: Retirement topics - Exceptions to tax on early distributions

This can help you out if you are in a cash crunch since there is no 10% withdrawal penalty, you do however still pay regular income tax on that amount

Here are just some ideas of what I would like to do in 2021, these are all non professional goals if you will

Run 800 miles

I ran 800.3 miles last year, this should be easily doable, it's about 4 miles 4 times a week

Read 50 books

Last year I read 60 books.. I assume at some point, I will be back in the office two times a day or so, this will maybe bump it down to 50 books from 60 books

Books in the queue

These are  books I or my kids already own, some of these I have gifted to them this Christmas season (Masters of Doom, 1984, Brave New World, Infinite Jest, Pirate Latitudes)

I have not read any of these except for 1984 and Brave New World, I will re-read those, it's been 20 years or more since I last read those

Here is a picture of some of these books.....

Here is the full list, the titles link to Amazon so you can read the reviews there

• Hyperion by Dan Simmons
• The Fall of Hyperion by Dan Simmons
• The Rise of Endymion by Dan Simmons
• Endymion by Dan Simmons
• Philip and Alexander Kings and Conquerors by Adrian Goldsworthy
• The Prince by Macchiavelli  
• The Dutch Overseas Empire by Pieter C. Emmer, Jos J.L. Gommans
• 1776: The riveting story of George Washington by David McCullough
• The Great Bridge by David McCullough
• Ulysses by James Joyce
• The Fifth Risk: Undoing Democracy by Michael Lewis
• The Andromeda Strain by Michael Crichton  
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn by Betty Smith 
• The Killer Angels: The Classic Novel of the Civil War Paperback by Michael Shaara 
• The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature by Matt Ridley
• How Computers Really Work A Hands-On Guide to the Inner Workings of the Machine by Matthew Justice
• Can't Slow Down: How 1984 Became Pop's Blockbuster Year by Michaelangelo Matos
• Powers of Darkness: The Lost Version of Dracula by Bram Stoker , Valdimar Ásmundsson, et al
• Black Box Thinking The Surprising Truth About Success by Matthew Syed
• Life on Mars: What to Know Before We Go by David Weintraub
• Brave New World by Aldous Huxley
• Consider the Lobster: And Other Essays by David Foster Wallace
• Pirate Latitudes by Michael Crichton 
• Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace
• 100 Things Millionaires Do Little Lessons in Creating Wealth by Nigel Cumberland
• Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe by George Dyson
• Where the Past Begins: Memory and Imagination by Amy Tan
• Gerald's Game by Stephen King
• If It Bleeds by Stephen King
• The Eyes of the Dragon by Stephen King
• The Dead Zone by Stephen King
• The Running Man by Stephen King
• Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman
• Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture by David Kushner  
• SQL Server 2019 Revealed Including Big Data Clusters and Machine Learning by Bob Ward
• The Man In The High Castle by Philip K. Dick

18,300 pushups

Do about 100 pushups every other day.. this adds up to about 18,300 pushups for the whole year

10,000 in dividends

Last year I received 9551 in dividends, since companies increase the dividend payout usually every 4 quarters and since I reinvest them, I should be easily able to get 10K

300 Hours of Pluralsight watching

I plan to watch about 6 hours a week of Pluralsight content. About 1 hour at lunch time and then 1 hour over the weekend

Get 10 of these book in 2021

Get at least  10 9 books of the "wish list" below

I have heard about these from friends or family. I also might have heard about these books from the various podcasts I listen to

• The Splendid and the Vile: A Saga of Churchill, Family and Defiance During the Blitz by Eric Larson
• Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat: Mastering the Elements of Good Cooking by Samin Nosrat
• The Lessons of History by Will Durant and Ariel Durant
• 1/1 The Prince by Macchiavelli  
• The Great War: A Combat History of the First World War by Peter Hart
• Hero with a 1000 faces by Joseph Campbell
• The Virtues of War: A Novel of Alexander the Great by Steven Pressfield
• Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West by Tom Holland
• Blood and Thunder by Hampton Sides
• Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History by S. C. Gwynne
• The Storm Before the Storm: The Beginning of the End of the Roman Republic by Mike Duncan
• Black Elk: The Life of an American Visionary by Joe Jackson
• What I Talk About When I Talk About Running: A Memoir by Haruki Murakami
• The Long Ships by Frans G. Bengtsson
• A Gentleman in Moscow by Amor Towles
• The Innocent Anthropologist : Notes from a Mud Hut by Nigel Barley
• Shogun: The Epic Novel of Japan by James Clavell
• Cat's Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut
• Zorba the Greek by Nikos Kazantzakis
• The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945 by John Toland
• Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway by Jonathan Parshall, Anthony Tully
• The Road by Cormac McCarthy 
• The End of October: A Novel by Lawrence Wright
• Change Agent by Daniel Suarez
• Darkness at Noon by Arthur Koestler
• A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous Fourteenth Century by Barbara Tuchman
• Azure SQL Revealed: A Guide to the Cloud for SQL Server Professionals by Bob Ward

Plant all these peppers

We got the following seeds in December

The 3 packs on the left side are the Carolina Reaper, Trinidad Scorpion and Apocalypse Scorpion. These are some of the hottest peppers.... these things just look menacing, you can see they look spicy

Last year we planted 31 plants, you can those in the 2020 in Numbers... post

I am excited about the chocolate habaneros, those look pretty cool

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• Return Of The King   (started 4/15)
• The Silmarillion
• The Library Book
• The Histories
• Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War 
• The New York Nobody Knows: Walking 6,000 Miles in the City 
• The Wind Through the Keyhole: The Dark Tower IV-1/2 
• Out on the Wire: The Storytelling Secrets of the New Masters of Radio
• The Godfather 
• The Terror
• A Legacy of Spies 
• Four Past Midnight 
• A Random Walk on Wall Street
• Tulipomania: The Story of the World's Most Coveted Flower & the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused
• Marathon: The Battle That Changed Western Civilization
• Walden Illustrated

• The Splendid and the Vile: A Saga of Churchill, Family and Defiance During the Blitz by Eric Larson
• Ulysses by James Joyce
• Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat: Mastering the Elements of Good Cooking by Samin Nosrat
• The Lessons of History by Will Durant and Ariel Durant
• The Prince by Macchiavelli
• The Great War: A Combat History of the First World War by Peter Hart
• Hero with a 1000 faces by Joseph Campbell
• The Virtues of War: A Novel of Alexander the Great by Steven Pressfield
• Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West by Tom Holland
• Blood and Thunder by Hampton Sides
• Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History by S. C. Gwynne
• The Storm Before the Storm: The Beginning of the End of the Roman Republic by Mike Duncan
• Permutation City by Greg Egan
• Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace
• Black Elk: The Life of an American Visionary by Joe Jackson
• What I Talk About When I Talk About Running: A Memoir by Haruki Murakami
• The Long Ships by Frans G. Bengtsson
• A Gentleman in Moscow by Amor Towles
• The Innocent Anthropologist : Notes from a Mud Hut by Nigel Barley
• Shogun: The Epic Novel of Japan by James Clavell
• Cat's Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut
• Zorba the Greek by Nikos Kazantzakis

Put a fan blowing on these to prepare for the harsh outside world when they go outside around Mother’s Day #gardening #tomatoes #peppers #ghostpepper pic.twitter.com/BT5UcG5oAI — Denis Gobo (@DenisGobo) April 25, 2020

• Return Of The King 
• The Silmarillion
• The Library Book
• The Histories
• Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War 
• The New York Nobody Knows: Walking 6,000 Miles in the City 
• The Wind Through the Keyhole: The Dark Tower IV-1/2 
• Out on the Wire: The Storytelling Secrets of the New Masters of Radio
• The Godfather 
• The Terror
• A Legacy of Spies 
• Four Past Midnight 
• A Random Walk on Wall Street
• Tulipomania: The Story of the World's Most Coveted Flower & the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused
• Marathon: The Battle That Changed Western Civilization
• Walden Illustrated

• The Splendid and the Vile: A Saga of Churchill, Family and Defiance During the Blitz by Eric Larson
• Ulysses by James Joyce
• Salt, Fat, Acid, Heat: Mastering the Elements of Good Cooking by Samin Nosrat
• The Lessons of History by Will Durant and Ariel Durant
• The Prince by Macchiavelli
• The Great War: A Combat History of the First World War by Peter Hart
• Hero with a 1000 faces by Joseph Campbell
• The Virtues of War: A Novel of Alexander the Great by Steven Pressfield
• Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West by Tom Holland
• Blood and Thunder by Hampton Sides
• Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History by S. C. Gwynne
• The Storm Before the Storm: The Beginning of the End of the Roman Republic by Mike Duncan
• Permutation City by Greg Egan
• Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace
• Black Elk: The Life of an American Visionary by Joe Jackson
• What I Talk About When I Talk About Running: A Memoir by Haruki Murakami
• The Long Ships by Frans G. Bengtsson
• A Gentleman in Moscow by Amor Towles
• The Innocent Anthropologist : Notes from a Mud Hut by Nigel Barley
• Shogun: The Epic Novel of Japan by James Clavell
• Cat's Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut
• Zorba the Greek by Nikos Kazantzakis

CREATE TABLE foo(bar int);
INSERT INTO foo values(1),(null),(2),(3),(4),
 (null),(5),(6),(7);

SELECT * FROM foo;

SELECT COUNT(*) as CountAll FROM foo WHERE bar IS NOT NULL;
SELECT COUNT(*) as CountAll FROM foo WHERE bar IS  NULL;

SELECT COUNT(*) as CountAll, 
  COUNT(bar) as CountColumn
FROM foo;

SELECT COUNT(*) as CountAll, 
  COUNT(bar) as CountColumn, 
  (COUNT(bar)/COUNT(*))*100 as PercentageOfNonNullValues 
FROM foo;

 (COUNT(bar)/COUNT(*))*100 as PercentageOfNonNullValues 

(COUNT(bar)*1.0/COUNT(*))*100 as PercentageOfNonNullValues

SELECT COUNT(*) as CountAll, 
  COUNT(bar) as CountColumn, 
  (COUNT(bar)*1.0/COUNT(*))*100 as PercentageOfNonNullValues 
FROM foo;

(CAST (COUNT(bar) as numeric(20,10))/COUNT(*))*100 as PercentageOfNonNullValues

SELECT COUNT(*) as CountAll, 
  COUNT(bar) as CountColumn, 
  (CAST (COUNT(bar) as numeric(20,10))/COUNT(*))*100 as PercentageOfNonNullValues
FROM foo;

CREATE  TABLE  PrimeNumbers  (N INT);

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION MakePrime() RETURNS void AS $$
DECLARE I integer := 2;
BEGIN
WHILE I <= SQRT(500) LOOP
    DELETE FROM PrimeNumbers WHERE N % I = 0 AND N > I;
    I := I + 1 ; 
END LOOP;

END;

$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

In a another window populate the table by making the call to the function
 

INSERT  INTO PrimeNumbers(n)
SELECT N
 FROM (SELECT generate_series(2,500) as n) x;


SELECT MakePrime() ; -- Yes that is a proc call

SELECT * FROM PrimeNumbers

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS  PrimeNumbers  (N INT);


;WITH cte AS (
  SELECT * FROM generate_series( 2, 500 )  n
  )

INSERT INTO PrimeNumbers
SELECT n
FROM cte
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
  SELECT n FROM  cte as cte2
WHERE cte.n > cte2.n AND cte.n % cte2.n = 0)
;

SELECT * FROM PrimeNumbers;

-- 46 rows.. sexy primes
SELECT t1.N,t2.N 
 FROM PrimeNumbers t1
join PrimeNumbers t2 on t2.N - t1.N = 6 
order by 1

-- 22 rows.. Prime Triplets
SELECT t1.N AS N1,t2.N AS N2, t3.N AS N3
 FROM PrimeNumbers t1
join PrimeNumbers t2 on t2.N > t1.N 
join PrimeNumbers t3 on t3.N - t1.N = 6
and t3.N > t2.N
and t2.n - t1.n IN (2,4)
order by 1

-- 14 rows.. Sexy prime triplets
SELECT t1.N AS N1,t2.N AS N2, t3.N AS N3
 FROM PrimeNumbers t1
join PrimeNumbers t2 on t2.n - t1.n = 6
join PrimeNumbers t3 on t3.N - t1.N = 12
and t3.N > t2.N
AND NOT EXISTS( SELECT null FROM PrimeNumbers p WHERE p.n = t1.n +18)
order by 1

• Chapter 1. Database Cluster, Databases and Tables
• Chapter 2. Process and Memory Architecture
• Chapter 3. Query Processing
• Chapter 4. Foreign Data Wrappers (FDW) and Parallel Query
• Chapter 5. Concurrency Control
• Chapter 6. VACUUM Processing
• Chapter 7. Heap Only Tuple (HOT) and Index-Only Scans
• Chapter 8. Buffer Manager
• Chapter 9. Write Ahead Logging (WAL)
• Chapter 10. Base Backup and Point-In-Time Recovery (PITR)
• Chapter 11. Streaming Replication

• The future is multi-cloud, and multi-cloud means Docker containers with Kubernetes orchestration. Every public cloud has its own APIs, and in that sense, they are all new versions of proprietary mainframes.
• “Lift-and-shift” of VMware virtual machines will be more expensive than customers realize. Paying no money up front, in this case to refactor and port applications to Kubernetes, typically means paying more during operations.
• Java is not dead. It may play an important middle ground between lift-and-shift and the expense of completely refactoring applications for cloud-native environments. Java may be a light touch version of “move-and-improve.”
• It seems likely that Lenovo will take a look at acquiring SUSE, with Supermicro perhaps also in the mix.

CREATE  TABLE test(SomeDate date);

INSERT INTO test
VALUES('20120101');

SELECT SomeDate,
  DATEADD(dd,1,SomeDate) as Interval1dd,
  DATEADD(dd,2,SomeDate) as Interval2dd,
  DATEADD(day,1,SomeDate) as Interval1Day,
  DATEADD(day,2,SomeDate) as Interval2Day
FROM test

SELECT SomeDate,
  DATEADD(dd,-1,SomeDate) as Interval1dd,
  DATEADD(dd,-2,SomeDate) as Interval2dd,
  DATEADD(day,-1,SomeDate) as Interval1Day,
  DATEADD(day,-2,SomeDate) as Interval2Day
FROM test

CREATE Temp TABLE test(SomeDate date);


INSERT INTO test
VALUES( to_date('20120101','YYYYMMDD'));

SELECT SomeDate,(SomeDate + 1 * INTERVAL '1 Day' ) as Interval1Day,
  (SomeDate + 1 * INTERVAL '1 D')  as IntervalD,
  (SomeDate + 2 * INTERVAL '1 Day' ) as Interval2Times1Day,
  (SomeDate + 1 * INTERVAL '2 Day' ) as Interval2Days,
  (SomeDate + 2 * INTERVAL '2 Days' ) as Interval2Times2Days,
  (SomeDate +  INTERVAL '1 Day' )    as IntervalD
FROM test

(SomeDate + 2 * INTERVAL '1 Day' ) as Interval2Times1Day,
(SomeDate + 1 * INTERVAL '2 Day' ) as Interval2Days,

(SomeDate + 2 * INTERVAL '2 Days' ) as Interval2Times2Days,

(SomeDate +  INTERVAL '1 Day' )    as IntervalD

SELECT SomeDate,(SomeDate + -1 * INTERVAL '1 Day' ) as Interval1Day,
  (SomeDate + -1 * INTERVAL '1 D')    as IntervalD,
  (SomeDate + -2 * INTERVAL '1 Day' ) as Interval2Times1Day,
  (SomeDate + -1 * INTERVAL '2 Day' ) as Interval2Days,
  (SomeDate + -2 * INTERVAL '-2 Days')as Interval2Times2Days,
  (SomeDate +  INTERVAL '-1 Day' )    as IntervalD
FROM test

SELECT SomeDate,(SomeDate + 1 * INTERVAL '1 Day' ) as Interval1Day,
  (SomeDate + 1 * INTERVAL '1 Week' ) as Interval1Week,
  (SomeDate + 1 * INTERVAL '1 Month' ) as Interval1Month,
  (SomeDate + 1 * INTERVAL '1 Year' ) as Interval1Year
  
FROM test
UNION ALL
SELECT SomeDate,(SomeDate + 1 * INTERVAL '1 D' ) as Interval1Day,
  (SomeDate + 1 * INTERVAL '1 W' ) as Interval1Week,
  (SomeDate + 1 * INTERVAL '1 M' ) as Interval1Month,
  (SomeDate + 1 * INTERVAL '1 Y' ) as Interval1Year
  
FROM test

CREATE Temp TABLE test(Id int,SomeDate date, Charge decimal(20,10));


insert into test
values( 1,to_date('20120101','YYYYMMDD'),1000);
insert into test
values( 1,to_date('20120401','YYYYMMDD'),200);
insert into test
values( 1,to_date('20120501','YYYYMMDD'),300);
insert into test
values( 1,to_date('20120601','YYYYMMDD'),600);
insert into test
values( 2,to_date('20120101','YYYYMMDD'),100);
insert into test
values( 2,to_date('20120101','YYYYMMDD'),500);
insert into test
values( 2,to_date('20120101','YYYYMMDD'),-800);
insert into test
values( 3,to_date('20120101','YYYYMMDD'),100);

SELECT * FROM test

Id SomeDate Charge
1 2012-01-01 1000.0000000000
1 2012-04-01 200.0000000000
1 2012-05-01 300.0000000000
1 2012-06-01 600.0000000000
2 2012-01-01 100.0000000000
2 2013-01-01 500.0000000000
2 2014-01-01 -800.0000000000
3 2012-01-01 100.0000000000

id StartDate Enddate         Charge         RunningTotal
1 2012-01-01 2012-03-31 1000.0000000000 1000.0000000000
1 2012-04-01 2012-04-30 200.0000000000 1200.0000000000
1 2012-05-01 2012-05-31 300.0000000000 1500.0000000000
1 2012-06-01 9999-12-31 600.0000000000 2100.0000000000
2 2012-01-01 2012-12-31 100.0000000000 100.0000000000
2 2013-01-01 2013-12-31 500.0000000000 600.0000000000
2 2014-01-01 9999-12-31 -800.0000000000 -200.0000000000
3 2012-01-01 9999-12-31 100.0000000000 100.0000000000

SELECT id, someDate as StartDate,
LEAD((SomeDate + -1 * INTERVAL '1 day' ),1,'99991231')
 OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate) as Enddate,
  Charge,
  SUM(Charge) OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate 
     ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) 
          AS RunningTotal
  FROM test
  ORDER BY id, SomeDate

id StartDate Enddate         Charge         RunningTotal
1 2012-01-01 2012-03-31 1000.0000000000 1000.0000000000
1 2012-04-01 2012-04-30 200.0000000000 1200.0000000000
1 2012-05-01 2012-05-31 300.0000000000 1500.0000000000
1 2012-06-01 9999-12-31 600.0000000000 2100.0000000000
2 2012-01-01 2011-12-31 100.0000000000 100.0000000000
2 2012-01-01 2011-13-31 500.0000000000 600.0000000000
2 2012-01-01 9999-12-31 -800.0000000000 -200.0000000000
3 2012-01-01 9999-12-31 100.0000000000 100.0000000000

LEAD((SomeDate + -1 * INTERVAL '1 day' ),1,'99991231')

LEAD((SomeDate + -1 * INTERVAL '1 day' ),1)

SELECT id, someDate as StartDate,
LEAD((SomeDate + -1 * INTERVAL '1 day' ),1)
 OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate) as Enddate,
  Charge,
  SUM(Charge) OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY SomeDate 
     ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) 
          AS RunningTotal
  FROM test
  ORDER BY id, SomeDate





And here is what the output looks like after we made the change







As you can see the rows for an id that doesn't have a row with a date greater than the current date will have a null end date



That is all for this post

;WITH RECURSIVE Fibonacci (Prev, Next) as
(
     SELECT 0, 1
     UNION ALL
     SELECT Next, Prev + Next
     FROM Fibonacci
     WHERE Next < 1000000
)
SELECT Prev as Fibonacci
     FROM Fibonacci
     WHERE Prev < 1000000

;WITH RECURSIVE Fibonacci (Prev, Next) as
(
     SELECT 1, 1
     UNION ALL
     SELECT Next, Prev + Next
     FROM Fibonacci
     WHERE Next < 1000000
)
SELECT Prev as Fibonacci
     FROM Fibonacci
     WHERE Prev < 1000000